Vision in animals

Chronic exposure to GD causes forgetfulness, thinking difficulty, vision disturbances, muscular aches/pains. Although certain organophosphate pesticides have been shown to be teratogenic in animals, these effects have not been documented in carefully controlled toxicological evaluations for GD. 

I. Gazit and J. Terkel, Domination of olfaction over vision in explosives detection by dogs , Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 82 (2003) 65—73. 

Drummond, H. (1985). The role of vision in the predatory behavior of natricine snakes. Animal Behaviour 33,206-215. 

The detection of light, smells, and tastes (vision, olfaction, and gustation, respectively) in animals is accomplished by specialized sensory neurons that use signal-transduction mechanisms fundamentally similar to those that detect hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth... 

Before considering the photochemistry of vision in higher animals, it will be interesting to look briefly at the process known as phototaxis which is sometimes considered to be a very early form of vision . It has been observed that some photosynthetic bacteria are able to swim selectively towards illuminated areas, and to avoid dark places this light-controlled motion has been named phototaxis (Figure 5.9). This type of behaviour is... 

These three cases encompass the situations found in animal vision. 

No chromophore of biological vision has been found or proposed where an oxygen or nitrogen atom was associated with the C-13 or C-3 positions. However, the C-5 position will be shown to be the source of ultraviolet vision in many animals. 

Templates have played a significant role in the early understanding of animal vision. In 1953, Dartnall provided a series of templates that many researchers found useful246. Unfortunately these early templates were based entirely on empirical data-with some attempts to align them to putative mathematical equations that were in themselves inappropriate. If possible, a template should represent the form dictated by the underlying physics whether based on Gaussian, Fermi-Dirac or other statistics. Many of the templates have relied upon the linearity of the visual system to support their legitimacy. 

Toxicity Toluene is known to cause mild irritation, headache, nausea, and CNS effects in animals and humans. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of toluene has caused disturbances in vision, dizziness, nausea, CNS depression, paresthesia, and sudden collapse. The acute oral LD50 in laboratory rats ranges from 636 to 7,300 mg/kg. Toluene has caused rapid and severe corneal damage and conjunctiva inflammation. The acute dermal LD50 in rabbits was found to be between 1,200 and 1,400 mg/kg.315... 

Cholinesterase The enzyme found in animals that regulates nerve impulses by the inhibition of acetylcholine cholinesterase inhibition in animals indicates a variety of acute symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, stomach cramps, and rapid heart rate. 

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