Viruses chemokines encoded

Assaying inhibition of HIV infection can also be useful to determine the specificity of chemokines for particular receptors. For example vMIPII, a chemokine encoded by Human Herpes virus 8 (HHV8), was first shown to bind CCR3 by its ability to inhibit HIV infection of CCR3+ cells (38,39). 

Jensen, K.K., D.J. Manfra, M.G. Grisotto, A.P. Martin, G. Vassileva, K. Kelley, T.W. Schwartz, and S.A. Lira. The human herpes virus 8-encoded chemokine receptor is required for angioproliferation in a murine model of Kaposi s sarcoma. J Immunol 174 3686-94, 2005. 

Ishikawa-Mochizuki I, Kitaura M, Baba M et al. Molecular cloning of a novel CC chemokine, interleukin-11 receptor alpha-locus chemokine (ILC), which is located on chromosome 9pl3 and a potential homolog of a CC chemokine encoded by molluscum contagiosum virus. FEES Lett 1999 460 544-548. 

Viral macrophage inhibitory protein-II (vMIP-II), a viral chemokine encoded by Kaposi s sarcoma virus, displays anti-HIV activity toward the R5 and X4 viruses, which both utilize CCR3 (Kledal et al., 1997). It appears to exert this inhibition via direct blockade of viral binding to the chemokine coreceptors, as demonstrated by a series of competition experiments. 

Rucker J, Edinger AL, Sharron M et al (1997) Utilization of chemokine receptors, orphan receptors, and herpesvirus-encoded receptors by diverse human and simian immunodefidency viruses. J Virol 71 8999-9007... 

Krathwohl, M. D., Hromas, R., Brown, D. R., Broxmeyer, H. E., and Fife, K. H. (1997). Functional characterization of the C-C chemokine-like molecules encoded by molluscum contagiosum virus types 1 and 2. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 9875-9880. 

It has been known for some time that herpesviruses encode functional chemokine receptors (11). One of the theories for the existence of such receptors is that they play an important part in allowing the virus to disseminate itself in vivo (see ref. 12 for a review). In late 1996, this picture was complicated further when automated searches for novel chemokines, such as those described above, uncovered two or three new chemokines in herpesvirus 8,... 

Virally encoded chemokines have also been discovered, in several herpesviruses (e.g. HHV-8, mouse cytomegalovirus) and in molluscum conta-giosum virus (MCV), a human poxvirus which causes the skin disease molluscum contagiosum. Interestingly, broad-spectrum chemokine receptor antagonist activity has been reported for several of these molecules, including vMIP-II of HHV-8 and MC148R of... 

Virus-encoded receptors for cytokines and chemokines. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 9, 359-368. 

Viruses have developed a wide variety of responses to the host immune system. DNA viruses, such herpes viruses and pox viruses have the ability to encode genes that can manipulate the host immune response. Many of these genes encode for cytokines, cytokine receptors, included chemokines and chemokine receptors (Wells and Schwartz,... 

Soluble Chemokine Binding Proteins Encoded by Viruses... 

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