Vinyl record

Plastics are one example. Scientists use the term plastic to refer to polymers, which are materials composed of a chain of bonded molecules. For instance, most credit cards are made from a plastic known as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which consists of linked molecules of vinyl chloride. (Old vinyl record albums were often made from the same material.) The first plastic made entirely in the laboratory (as opposed to natural products) was Bakelite, concocted aroimd 1908 by the Belgian-American chemist Leo Baekeland (1863-1944). 

BRING A POT OF WATER TO A BOIL. DROP IN AN OLD VINYL RECORD. WHEN SOFT, SHAPE IT WITH TWO LONG STICKS. IT BECOMES HARD AGAIN WHEN IT IS REMOVED FROM THE HOT WATER AND COOLED. 

Stress, fatigue and mechanical damage. These are results of the use of the plastic objects and could comprise frequent bending of a PVC soft toy leading to its failure or abrasion of the surface of a vinyl record as it is repeatedly pulled out of its sleeve to play, resulting in its inability to produce perfect sound. 

In many international museum collections, degradation of plasticised PVC materials, in the form of clothing and footwear, furniture, electrical insulation, medical equipment, housewares, vinyl records and cassette tapes, toys and packaging materials used to store objects, has been detected as early as five years after acquisition. 

Single vinyl record before (left) and after physical degradation due to heating to 50°C for 30minutes (right). 

Physical and thermal properties PVC is thermoplastic. In rigid, unplasticized form, PVC is stiff and brittle. Addition of external plasticizer imparts various levels of softness and flexibility. Copolymerization with flexible monomers also results in a softer product. Vinyl records or LPs comprise vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymer. ... 

An early application for carbon fiber was by Decca, to make a carbon fiber dust brush to clean vinyl records, but the author has always considered this a dubious practice due to the possibility that stray carbon filaments could cause damage to electrical circuitry of the Hi-Fi system. Expensive tone arms using cfrp provided increased rigidity with low weight. 

Carbon black can fnnction as a UV stabilizer, thermal antioxidant, extender in crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) cable compounds, antistat in vinyl records, modifier of polymerization rate in nnsaturated polyesters, conductive filler, and colorant. Although commonly used in rubbers and thermoplastics, carbon black does not improve the properties of thermosetting resins significantly. However, it is often used as a pigment and for obtaining electrical conductivity. 

Compact discs appear Compact discs are now sold and will start replacing vinyl records. 

Isopropanol is specified to clean electronic devices such as contact pins in connectors as well as the connectors, magnetic tape and disk heads, lenses of lasers in optical disc drives, and LCD/LED and glass computer monitor screens. Isopropanol is also used for removal of thermal (solder) paste from integrated circuit packages, and restoration of vinyl records. 

The basic method of these SPMs (Birdi, 2003b Chen, 2008) was essentially to be able to move a tip over the substrate surface with a sensor (probe) with molecular sensitivity (nm) in both longitudinal and vertical directions (Figure 1.53). This may be compared with the act of sensing with a finger over a surface or more akin to the old-fashioned vinyl record player with a metallic needle (a probe for converting mechanical vibrations to music sound). 

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