VIGOR study

Another mode of initiation of polymerization being vigorously studied in numerous laboratories involves the use of ionizing radiation. In the primary process a molecule (not necessarily the monomer) is ionized and thus a positive ion and an electron are formed. The latter is eventually captured by another molecule yielding a negative ion. On recombination of these ions, enough... 

Bombardier C, Laine L, Reicin A et al (2000) Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR Study Group. N Engl JMed 343 1520-1528... 

Two large trials, the Vioxx Gastrointestinal Outcomes Research (VIGOR) study and the Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study (CLASS), compared selective COX-2 inhibitors and traditional, non-selective NSAID therapy in terms of their ability to prevent clinical PUD (i.e., symptomatic ulcers and ulcer complications). VIGOR (9-month median follow-up) demonstrated that rofecoxib (50 mg daily) therapy was significantly more efficacious than naproxen.28 The CLASS study (6-month median follow-up) found that high-dose celecoxib (400 mg twice daily) was superior to non-selective NSAID therapy (either ibuprofen 800 mg three times daily or diclofenac 75 mg twice daily).29... 

Additional binuclear octahedral iron proteins have been identified. Of these the purple acid phosphatase has been the most vigorously studied and has a distinctly different biochemical function. Indeed, the protein may be involved with iron transport as well as a hydrolase (Doi et aL, 1988 Nuttleman and Roberts, 1990). Because there are insufficient structural data to provide a basis of comparison, we have omitted it from our discussion. Likewise, rubrerythrin has only recendy been identified as a member of the class, and no enzymology has been established (LeGall et al., 1988) thus, its inclusion in this discussion would be premature. There... 

Porous materials such as organic zeolites discussed in Section 8.4 are vigorously studied since they often exhibit catalytic activity [122]. An interesting type of zeolite materials is obtained by tucking chiral amines inside pores of a commercially available zeolite. Such an approach allowed Ramamurthy s group to enhance stereoselectivity of a photochemical reaction [122b]. 

Claire Bombardier, Loren Laine, et al., Comparison of Upper Gastrointestinal Toxicity of Rofecoxib and Naproxen in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. VIGOR Study Group, New England Journal of Medicine 343, no. 21, November 23, 2000, pp. 1,520-1,528. Also available online. URL http //content.nejm.org/ cgi/content/full/343/21/1520. Downloaded April 15, 2009. 

The ability of metal complexes in solution to catalyze reactions efficiently has served to make homogeneous catalysis a vigorously studied area over the... 

Unfortunately, methods in safety pharmacology and safety toxicology were not able to predict the risk of serious cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction and stroke), which became apparent after treatment of patients for more than 18 months with a selective COX-2 antagonist (VIGOR study group, Bombardier et al. 2000, FDA Drug Information September 30, 2004). The mechanism of action of these effects remains to be clarified, since other long-term studies did not show an increased cardiovascular risk (Silverstein... 

Stable salts can be synthesized that have very low melting points for electrochemical and other applications. The neutralization method introduced in this chapter is an easy way to prepare pure salts and to use them in learning about the structure-property relationships of salts. It has been shown that excellent onium salts can be obtained from the results of neutralized amines. Besides serving as sources of qua-temized onium salts, neutralized amines have excellent properties. Some of these are unique and not retained by ordinary onium salts. More vigorous studies on neutralized amines can be expected to be published in the near future. 

Much information on celecoxib and rofecoxib has come from two large pivotal randomized chnical trials, the Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Stndy (CLASS) and Vioxx Gastrointestinal Ontcomes Research (VIGOR) studies, in which the efficacy and safety of the two coxibs and varions non-selective NSAIDs were compared (32,33). 

In the VIGOR study, 8076 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were randomly assigned to receive rofecoxib 50 mg/day or naproxen 500 mg bd. The primary endpoint was a confirmed clinical upper gastrointestinal event (gastroduodenal perforation or obstruction, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and symptomatic gastroduodenal ulcer). 

We have no data on the possible interaction between H. pylori status and the ability of COX-2-selective inhibitors to cause gastrointestinal toxicity. However, one would expect that when patients use COX-2 inhibitors H. pylori infection would remain a source of continuing ulcer risk, requiring eradication. Although there are no trials, this approach is supported by data from the VIGOR study, in which the residual risk of ulcers in patients taking rofe-coxib was approximately doubled in H. py/on-infected compared with non-infected patients (112). 

As described here, it is understandable that the activity and selectivity of methanol synthesis over Cu-based catalysts depend upon not only the Cu dispersion but also the starting salts for preparation and the residual ions on the catalysts and their effects on the structure of active sites. As the candidate of new catalyst system for methanol synthesis, the following catalysts have been vigorously studied in recent years (1) Cu-ZnO containing new components (2) precious metal such as Pd, Pt, Au, and multicomponent catalysts containing precious metals (3) transition metal except for Cu and their complex oxides (4) homogeneous catalysts consisting of Ru, Ni, etc. 

The structures of rifamycins B and S have been vigorously studied and finally the structure of rifamycin B (1) (as a />-iodoanilide) was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis [38,39] and the configurations of 1 and related compounds were described [28,40]. As described above, the absolute configuration of 1 was investigated by X-ray crystallography, and it was defined with no mirror image problem [38,39,41,42]. 

In my opinion there is no such basic principle, but the conclusions of Juni et al. (2004) were, indeed, flawed. Note that two things were not in dispute by either side. The first is that cardiovascular mortality on rofecoxib had been proved to be higher than that on naproxen by 2000 when the VIGOR study reported (Bombardier et al, 2000). (Although the way these results were presented was less than transparent.) The second is that the study reported by Bresalier et al. (2005) had shown an excess risk over placebo in 2004, when its results led Merck to pull rofecoxib of the market. The point in dispute is whether the excess risk over placebo had already been shown by the year 2000 or whether a valid interpretation of the VIGOR study at the time was that the difference was due to a beneficial effect of naproxen. 

In Section II.C, we described the reactivity of adsorbed dye species at liquid liquid junctions in heterogeneous photoredox reactions. The properties of these systems can be used to catalyze electron-transfer processes. The behavior of dyes at interfaces has been vigorously studied in micelles and microemulsion systems, and many excellent reviews and books are available on this subject [94-97]. In this section, we shall consider some basic aspects of photoprocesses in microheterogeneous systems that are relevant to polarizable ITIES. This is not intended to cover comprehensively the recent developments in the active area of photochemistry at organized assemblies, but to highlight how spatial confinement, hydrophilic hydrophobic forces, and local potentials can affect the course of a photochemical process. We shall also revise some recent developments in photocatalysis and photosynthesis at polarizable liquid liquid interfaces, highlighting advantages and limitations in relation to two-phase catalysis. 

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