Viewpoint Representations

Speakers can use mimetic and analytic viewpoints as building blocks to construct representations that integrate more than one viewpoint simultaneously and sequentially. Speakers can potentially represent eight different combinations of viewpoint in speech and gesture (Table 7.1). 

Speakers can use these combinations to represent their own experience or they can assume the viewpoint of others. Like the Welsh miner in chap. 4, speakers can integrate the viewpoints of many different individuals and organizations into a single narrative. Analysis of viewpoint in speech and gesture adds a new dimension to the analysis of viewpoint that we presented in chap. 4- 

When miners represent their boss, they can imitate his actions, manner, and hand motions. When they represent a roof bolt mimetically, they hold their arms at an angle—like a wing nut. When they represent a roof fall mimetically, their arms embody the rock. They can represent the boss analytically as a small figure at arms length they can depict a roof bolt with two fingers and they can show how the rock falls with the flick of a finger. The taxonomy in this chapter helps us categorize each viewpoint in turn so that 

Speakers can deploy both speech and gesture to represent more than one viewpoint simultaneously and sequentially in their narratives  

Simultaneous Vietvpoints. Speech and gesture provide two channels of communication that enable speakers to present more than one viewpoint simultaneously. Miners can employ mimetic and analytic viewpoints concor-dantly, or they can employ different viewpoints simultaneously in speech and gesture. The miners we observed employ mimetic viewpoints simultaneously in speech and gesture, analytic viewpoints simultaneously in speech and gesture, or twi) different viewpoints simultaneously in speech and gesture. 

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Representation. Erom a software viewpoint, knowledge-based technology provides ways to represent knowledge and reason with it. The knowledge to be represented includes facts, descriptions, relationships, and problem-solving knowledge. 

Of these, the first two place demands on the processing speed of the knowledge-based system and its integration with the environment, eg, data acquisition interfaces. The third impacts on the nature of the computational cycle and the system s abiHty to reschedule its own computations. The latter two place demands on the representation and reasoning capabiHties of the system, and are the most interesting from a knowledge-based system viewpoint. 

From a statistical viewpoint, there is often little to choose between power law and hyperbohc equations as representations of data over an experimental range. The fact, however, that a particular hyperbolic equation is based on some land of possible mechanism may lead to a belief that such an equation may be extrapolated more safely outside the experimental range, although there may be no guarantee that the controlling mechanism will remain the same in the extrapolated region. 

The fundamental equivalence between Schrodinger s wave-mechanical and Heisenberg s matrix-mechanical representation of quantum theory implies that H (or Hm>) may be viewed as a differential operator or a matrix. The latter viewpoint is usually more convenient in the... 

Figure 8 depicts how the three popular equation-of-state methods cited previously perform on pure steam. From a theoretical viewpoint, none of the methods has the foundation to handle mixtures of polar/non-polar components. Although the agreement with experimental data is not very satisfactory for any of the methods, the Lee-Kesler equation-of-state does best. It was also found that by slightly adjusting the acentric factor of water, improvement in the representation of the enthalpy of steam can be obtained by this method at 598 K, the conditions of the experimental mixture data, and at other temperatures as well. 

Hyperspherical harmonics are now explicitly considered as expansion basis sets for atomic and molecular orbitals. In this treatment the key role is played by a generalization of the famous Fock projection [5] for hydrogen atom in momentum space, leading to the connection between hydrogenic orbitals and four-dimensional harmonics, as we have seen in the previous section. It is well known that the hyperspherical harmonics are a basis for the irreducible representations of the rotational group on the four-dimensional hypersphere from this viewpoint hydrogenoid orbitals can be looked at as representations of the four-dimensional hyperspherical symmetry [14]. 

Riding along with a fluid packet is a Lagrangian notion. However, in the limit of dt - 0, the distance traveled dx vanishes. In this limit, (i.e., at a point in time and space) the Eulerian viewpoint is achieved. The relationship between the Lagrangian and Eulerian representations is established in terms of Eq. 2.52, recognizing the equivalence of the displacement rate in the flow direction and the flow velocity. In the Eulerian framework the... 

Each of the viewpoints is a declarative statement of intent to be achieved by the system (i.e., the software-to-be together with its environment) under consideration. It is represented by models of the system and its process of development. The representation forms a justified strategy or means of compliance. 

From this viewpoint, which is the most fundamental, the line shape as a whole is the sum of the diagonal matrix elements of the time evolution operator of the driven damped quantum harmonic oscillator in the IP representation with respect to the diagonal part of the Hamiltonian of this oscillator. According to Eq. (120), each diagonal element is a sum of time-dependent terms... 

Figure 2 Rearrangement of interfacial side chains in bamase upon binding barstar. Dark (light) color represents the bound (unbound) conformation. Arg-59 is highlighted in ball-and-stick representation, using a lighter color for the free and a darker for the bound conformation. The viewpoint is chosen from bamase across its guanine-binding loop toward barstar.

When setting the constraints on macroscopic kinetics in MEIS the idea of tree is useful even from the viewpoint of interpreting the applied method for formalization of these constraints. It (the idea) can help represent even the deformation of the region of feasible solutions in the thermodynamic space and the deformation of extremely simple representation of this region (a thermodynamic tree), and the projection of limited kinetic trajectories on the tree. In other words the use of the tree notion helps reveal the interrelations between kinetics and kinetic constraints, on the one hand, and thermodynamics, on the other. 

Figure 4.5. Schematic representations of the crystal structures of the less and more soluble salts of enantiopure 1 with 1-arylethylamines in success, (a) Less soluble salts, which are stable from the viewpoint of hydrogen-bonding and van der Waals interactions. (,b) More soluble (R)-l (S)-l-(m-methoxyphenyl)ethylamine, in which a stable hydrogen-bond sheet is formed while the close packing of the sheets is not achieved, (c) More soluble (R)-l (i )-l-phenylethylamine, in which a stable hydrogen-bond sheet is not formed while the close packing of the sheets is achieved.

Some compounds in this series in fact retain this structure. Others distort, and it is easy to see why. Take GdPS. If we assign normal oxidation states of Gd3+ and S2, we come to a formal charge of P" on the dense-packed P net. From a Zintl viewpoint, P- is like S and so should form two bonds per P. This is exactly what it does. The GdPS structure72 is shown in 93, which is drawn after the beautiful representation of Hulliger et al.72 Note the P-P cis chains in this elegant structure. 

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