Vertical and horizontal distributions

Descriptions of the vertical and horizontal distributions of photochemical smog in the Los Angeles basin (southern coastal air basin) during... 

Bowen, VT., Noshkin, VE., Livingston, H.D. and Volchok, H.L. (1980) Fall-out radionuclides in the Pacific Ocean vertical and horizontal distributions, largely from Geosecs stations. Earth Planet. Sci. Letts, 49, 411-434. 

Zooplankton. Studies of the outer edge and shelf-break region of the Scotian Shelf were also extended to the vertical and horizontal distributions of zooplankton. The most intriguing feature of these vertical profiles was the consistent location of copepods above the subsurface chlorophyll... 

The distribution and abundance of organisms can have a profound effect on an ecosystem s structure and function. Nutrient cycling, predator-prey interactions, and community structure may all be influenced by distribution patterns. As such, numerous studies have been conducted to understand factors influencing vertical and horizontal distribution and abundance [2,78]. However, UVR has histori-... 

Processing plants located on land frequently have the benefit of space, wherein the plant is subdivided into discrete units. Each unit occupies a separate plot of land. Hence the plant is horizontally distributed as opposed to an offshore platform in which the plant is both vertically and horizontally distributed. 

Figure 7.26 Vertical and horizontal distribution of the maximum concentration of an ignitable gas (ethylene) downwind of an emission source at a wind velocity of Im/s and stable atmospheric stratification.

It is known that the vertical distribution of diffusing particles from an elevated point source is a function of the standard deviation of the vertical wind direction at the release point. The standard deviations of the vertical and horizontal wind directions are related to the standard deviations of particle concentrations in the vertical and horizontal directions within the plume itself. This is equivalent to saying that fluctuations in stack top conditions control the distribution of pollutant in the plume. Furthermore, it is known that the plume pollutant distributions follow a familiar Gaussian diffusion equation. 

Architectural models explicitly specify the di.stribution of roots in space. An alternative approach, which is also useful for rhizosphere studies, is the continuum approach where only the amount of roots per unit soil volume is specified. Rules are defined that specify how roots propagate in the vertical and horizontal dimensions, and root propagation is u.sually viewed as a diffusive phenomenon (i.e., root proliferation favors unexploited soil). This defines the exploitation intensity per unit volume of soil and, under the assumption of even di.stribution, provides the necessary information for the integration step above. Acock and Pachepsky (68) provide an excellent review of the different assumptions made in the various continuum models formulated and show how such models can explain root distribution data relating to chrysanthemum. 

While analyzing the required number of sensor nodes for a given breach probability, we consider two cases of random deployment. In the first case, we assume that the sensor nodes are uniformly distributed along both the vertical and horizontal axes. In the second case, the sensor nodes are deployed uniformly along the horizontal axis and normally distributed along the vertical axis with mean M/2 and a standard deviation of 10% of the width of the field. The latter represents cases where the sensor nodes are deployed from an aircraft of a vehicle. In the... 

We can illustrate the salient features of convective dispersal by choosing a simple velocity distribution in a rectangular convection cell (0associated with the onset of Benard instability in the conditions of Boussinesq approximations (e.g., Turcotte and Schubert, 1982). Let us make the calculation for the so-called free-slip conditions, which permit free movement along the boundaries, both vertical and horizontal, such as a convection cell which would be limited by no rigid boundary. From Turcotte and Schubert (1982), we take the velocity field to be... 

Ideally, the site characterization study has defined the vertical and horizontal extent of the contamination. Contoured site maps showing the (three-dimensional) distribution of the contaminants allow identification of areas that require extensive restoration, or may be allowed to be monitored to closure under natural attenuation. Knowledge of how much contamination exists and its location is the important first step in the remediation process. Evaluation of these data will permit consideration of the various remediation remedies available. Where the contaminant is contained within the shallow (<6 m) unsaturated zone and is recalcitrant (not readily biodegradable), excavation for off-site treatment or disposal may be the most expeditious procedure. Alternatively, depending on the contaminant, a variety of in situ procedures, including bioremediation, air sparging, soil vapor extraction, and fixation, may be applicable. 

The distribution of primary roots beneath a hill of plants is approximately hemispherical with the individual roots randomly distributed with respect to the vertical and horizontal directions. Thus if there are N primary roots per hill, the length of primary roots per unit soil volume, Lyp, at any distance r from the centre of the hill is... 

ISCOR technology is most applicable to aquifers with hydraulic conductivities greater than 10 " cm/sec. Vertical and horizontal heterogeneities within the aquifer will affect the oxidant s path and distribution rate through the aquifer. Heavy rainfall can back up water in the injection wells or trip the leak detectors and shut down the ISCOR system. Suspended solids from the precipitation of manganese(IV) oxide, undissolved oxidant, or other sources can cause clogging in the injection and extraction wells and uneven distribution of the oxidant. 

Figure 14.15 General concept of the process of forming a distributed bend using the continuous die-less forming machine in which the cross-head cylinder moves both vertically and horizontally...

The distribution of radionuclides in Sedan crater ejecta has been determined on a vertical and horizontal basis at selected sites in the area covered by ejecta. The present distribution of residual tritium represents a highly modified pattern caused by rainfall leaching. Maximum tritium concentrations are found at essentially the same depth in a transect of the ejecta field where the ejecta depth is decreasing. The source of tritium in the Sedan crater ejecta is identified as the missile ejecta layer which had greater exposure to detonation products than bulk ejecta. 

If the term horn in Eq. (3.13) is small, the concentration distribution has a more heterogeneous character. In Figure 3.95, the gradient at the wall is much steeper for small times t than for longer times. In the latter case, the distribution thus exhibits a more homogeneous character as a result of vertical and horizontal concentration equilibration by dispersion. 

Fig. 1.8. The Api2-6 i2 momentum correlation map for the (1,1,1) pathway of CS2 at a field intensity of 0.2PW/cm2, obtained for a all of the coincidence events, b Ekin = 20 1.5eV, c 16 0.5eV, and d 12.5 1.5eV. Solid curves drawn along the vertical and horizontal axes in each map represent the projections of the 2D distribution onto the Api2 and 12 axes, respectively. The 12 distribution expected from the geometry of the neutral CS2 is shown with a dotted line in a...

Yamashita and Tanoue (2003) examined vertical and horizontal variations in the amino acid composition of DOM (Fig. 3.5B) along a coastal to oceanic transect and found that the concentration of valine, isoleucine, phenyalanine and leucine varied together. Based on the spatial distribution of these amino acids (along the transect)... 

Heat transport by conduction is effective in both the vertical and horizontal directions. Surface heat flow values are not sensitive to lateral heat production variations at depth. For the sake of discussion, we consider a series of crustal layers with thickness A = 10 km at depths (in km) z= 0,10,20,30, and 40. The distribution of heat production in each layer can be considered as the... 

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