Verapamil enantiomers

Y. Oda, N. Asakawa, T. Kajima, Y. Yoshida and T. Sato, On-line determination and resolution of verapamil enantiomers by high-performance liquid chromatography with column-switching , Pharm. Res. 8 997-1001 (1991). 

Wang, Y.H., Jones, D.R. and Hall, S.D. (2004) Prediction of cytochrome P450 3A inhibition by verapamil enantiomers and their metabolites. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 32 (2), 259—266. 

HSA and BSA were used as chiral selectors to separate ofloxazin, propranolol, and verapamil enantiomers. With ketoprofen and warfarin as displacers, preferred binding sites at both proteins were discussed. 

Ho PC, Ghose K, Saville D, Wanwimolruk S. Effect of grapefruit juice on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of verapamil enantiomers in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000 56(9-10) 693-698. 

A. K. Rasymas, H. Boudoulas, and J. MacKichan, Determination of verapamil enantiomers in serum following racemate administration using HPLC, J. Liquid Chromatogr., 75 5013 (1992). 

Ferry DR, Glossmann H, Kaumann AJ. Relationship between the stereoselective negative inotropic effects of verapamil enantiomers and their binding to putative calcium channels in human heart. Br J Pharmacol 1985 84(4) 811-824. 

Wang et al. (107) characterized the mechanism-based inhibition of testosterone 6p-hydroxylation (another CYP3A phenotypic marker) by verapamil enantiomers and each of their CYP3A metabolites—norverapamil and... 

A. S. Gross, B, Heuer, and M. Eichelbaum, Stereoselective protein binding of verapamil enantiomers, Biochem. Pharmac<., 37 4623-4627 (1988). 

S. B. Earle and J. J. Mackichan, Separation and protein binding of verapamil enantiomers, Cfin. Pharmacol. Ther., 41 233 (1987). 

Gupta et al. [150] further confirmed the effects of age on the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of verapamil. Additionally, they showed that the steady-state plasma concentrations of both verapamil and nor-verapamil enantiomers in women were higher than those in men after daily oral doses of 180 mg racemic verapamil [150]. However, the gender difference was lost when the data were corrected for the lean body mass and age [150]. In the absence of additional data, the effects of gender on the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of verapamil do not appear to be substantial. 

With regard to food, it has been shown that the administration of verapamil with food only prolongs the t ax of the enantiomers [154] without any significant effect on the major kinetic and dynamic parameters [154,155]. Additionally, the body position of the subjects does not appear to affect the pharmacokinetics/dynamics of the verapamil enantiomers [155]. 

Haussermann, K. Benz, B. Gekeler, V. Schumacher, K. Eichelbaum, M. Effects of verapamil enantiomers and major metabolites on the cytotoxicity of vincristine and daunomycin in human lymphoma cell lines. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1991, 40, 53-59. 

Johnson, J.A. Akers, W.S. Influence of metabolites on protein binding of verapamil enantiomers. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1995, 39, 536-538. 

---