Vapor pressure ethyl alcohol

Tetrahydronaphthalene [119-64-2] (Tetralin) is a water-white Hquid that is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in methyl alcohol, and completely soluble in other monohydric alcohols, ethyl ether, and most other organic solvents. It is a powerhil solvent for oils, resins, waxes, mbber, asphalt, and aromatic hydrocarbons, eg, naphthalene and anthracene. Its high flash point and low vapor pressure make it usehil in the manufacture of paints, lacquers, and varnishes for cleaning printing ink from rollers and type in the manufacture of shoe creams and floor waxes as a solvent in the textile industry and for the removal of naphthalene deposits in gas-distribution systems (25). The commercial product typically has a tetrahydronaphthalene content of >97 wt%, with some decahydronaphthalene and naphthalene as the principal impurities. 

Physical and chemical properties of isopropyl alcohol reflect its secondary hydroxyl functionaHty. For example, its boiling and flash poiats are lower than / -propyl alcohol [71-25-8], whereas its vapor pressure and freezing poiat are significantly higher. Isopropyl alcohol bods only 4°C higher than ethyl alcohol. 

A summary of physical properties of ethyl alcohol is presented ia Table 1. Detailed information on the vapor pressure, density, and viscosity of ethanol can be obtained from References 6—14. A listing of selected biaary and ternary azeotropes of ethanol is compiled ia Reference 15. 

In some parts of the world, as in Russia, fermented alcohol can serve as a cheap source for hutadiene. The reaction occurs in the vapor phase under normal or reduced pressures over a zinc oxide/alumina or magnesia catalyst promoted with chromium or cohalt. Acetaldehyde has been suggested as an intermediate two moles of acetaldehyde condense and form crotonaldehyde, which reacts with ethyl alcohol to give butadiene and acetaldehyde. 

Aero Hydrolysis. A solution of kasugamycin hydrochloride (1.5 grams, 3.46 mmoles) dissolved in 15 ml. of 6N hydrochloric acid was heated at 105°C. for five hours in a sealed tube. The solution was condensed to 5 ml. under a reduced pressure and the addition of 50 ml. of ethyl alcohol afforded a crude solid overnight. It was recrystallized from aqueous ethyl alcohol, showing m.p. 246°-247°C. (dec.). It showed no depression in the mixed-melting point and completely identical infrared spectrum with d-inositol which was supplied by L. Anderson of the University of Wisconsin. The yield was 81% (503 mg., 2.79 mmoles). Anal Calcd. for CgH12Og C, 40.00 H, 6.71 O, 53.29 mol. wt., 180.16. Found C, 40.11 H, 6.67 O, 53.33 mol. wt., 180 (vapor pressure osmometer). 

This mercury safety valve avoids all dangers which might result from the development of excess pressure within the system (Note 3). The temperature of the esterification mixture is kept at 105-110° and ethyl alcohol vapor is passed through until 500 cc. of distillate has been collected. This requires about three hours. The distillate consists of alcohol, water, and a little ether. 

Ethyl alcohol is also a liquid at room temperature. Its vapor pressure at 20°C is 44 mm, higher than the vapor pressure of water at this same temperature. At 40°C, ethyl alcohol has a vapor pressure of 134 mm at 60°C, the vapor pressure is 352 mm. Again we find that the vapor pressure increases rapidly with increasing temperature. This is always so. The vapor pressure of every liquid increases as the temperature is raised. 

Sinor, J.E. and Weber, J.H. Vapor liquid equilibria at atmospheric pressure. Systems containing ethyl alcohol, n-hexane, benzene, and methylcyclopentane, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 5(3) 243-247, 1960. 

White orthogonal crystal density 5.6 g/cm melts at 276°C vaporizes at 304°C vapor pressure 5 torr at 166°C and 60 torr at 222°C (the substance is in the sohd state at these temperatures) critical temperature 700°C critical volume 174 cm /mol moderately soluble in water (7.4 g/100 ml, at 20°C), solubility increases in the presence of HCl or Cl ion in the solution pH of 0.2M solution 3.2 soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone and ethyl acetate shghtly soluble in benzene and carbon disulfide. 

Vapor-liquid equilibrium data at atmospheric pressure (690-700 mmHg) for the systems consisting of ethyl alcohol-water saturated with copper(II) chloride, strontium chloride, and nickel(II) chloride are presented. Also provided are the solubilities of each of these salts in the liquid binary mixture at the boiling point. Copper(II) chloride and nickel(II) chloride completely break the azeotrope, while strontium chloride moves the azeotrope up to richer compositions in ethyl alcohol. The equilibrium data are correlated by two separate methods, one based on modified mole fractions, and the other on deviations from Raoult s Law. 

In modern industrial ethyl alcohol plants, the compound is produced in two principal ways (I) by direct hydration of ethylene, or (2) by indirect hydration of ethylene. In the direct hydratiun process. H 0 is added to ethylene in the vapor phase in Lhe presence of a catalyst CH CH 4- H 0 CHiCHiOH. A supported acid catalyst usually is Used. Important factors affecting the conversion include temperature, pressure, the H 0/CH CH ratio, and the purity of (he ethylene, Further, some byproducts are formed by other reactions taking place, a primary side reaction being the dehydration of ethyl alcohol into diethyl ether 2C HjOH (C Hs)jO + HiO. To overcome these problems, a large... 

A nonpolar solubilizate such as hexane penetrates deeply into such a micelle, and is held in the nonpolar interior hydrocarbon environment, while a solubilizate such as an alcohol, which has both polar and nonpolar ends, usually penetrates less, with its polar end at or near the polar surface of the micelle. The vapor pressure of hexane in aqueous solution is diminished by the presence of sodium oleate m a manner analogous to that cited above for systems in nonpolar solvents. A 5% aqueous solution of potassium oleate dissolves more than twice the volume of propylene at a given pressure than does pure water. Dnnethylaminoazobenzene, a water-insoluble dye, is solubilized to the extent of 125 mg per liter by a 0.05 M aqueous solution of potassium myristate. Bile salts solubilize fatty acids, and this fact is considered important physiologically. Cetyl pyridinium chloride, a cationic salt, is also a solubilizing agent, and 100 ml of its A/10 solution solubilizes about 1 g of methyl ethyl-butyl either m aqueous solution. 

Figure 5 Ethyl ether-ethyl alcohol vapor-pressure diagram at 50°C. (Data from J Timmermans. Physiochemical Constants of Binary Systems in Concentrated Solutions. Volume 2. New York Interscience, 1960, p 401.)...

Just as a solid has a characteristic melting point, a liquid has a characteristic boiling point. At one atmosphere, pure water boils at 100°C, pure ethanol (ethyl alcohol) boils at 78.5°C, and pure diethyl ether boils at 34.6°C. The vapor pressure curves shown in Fig. 

Figure 15.1 Diethyl ether, ethyl alcohol (ethanol), and water vapor pressure curves.

According to Maquenne1 acetone vapor is decomposed by the electric discharge into hydrogen, ethane, and carbon monoxide, a small quantity of acetylene and carbon dioxide being also formed. The quantity ratios are less dependent upon the pressure than in the case of methyl and ethyl alcohol ... 

The vapor pressure of ethyl alcohol at a certain temperature is 79.3 torr. Calculate the vapor pressure of the ethyl alcohol in solution at that temperature if 0.175 mol of glucose is dissolved in 0.909 mol of the alcohol. 

At 25°C, the vapor pressure of pure benzene, CgHg, is 96.0 torr, and that of pure ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH, is 44.0 torr. Assuming ideal behavior, calculate the vapor pressure at 25°C of a solution that contains an equal mass of each. 

H. Ethyl alcohol has a higher vapor pressure at a temperature of 78.5°C. 

Reference to Table 1 shows that a number of organic solvents are inflammable. Both methyl and ethyl alcohols are inflammable in addition methyl alcohol is poisonous when absorbed in sufficient quantities in the body. The terms inflammable and poisonous need some explanation. The inflammability of a substance depends to some extent on its vapor pressure at ordinary temperatures. For example, ether and benzene are more inflammable than ethyl alcohol. Another factor to be considered with reference to the inflammability of solvents is the relative ease with which the fire of the burning solvent can be extinguished. Addition of water in sufficient amounts will extinguish the fire in a vessel which contains alcohol, but will only help to spread the fire if the burning substance is benzene. The latter is immiscible with water and floats on top of water. Therefore, addition of water to benzene on fire may spread the water along with a layer of burning liquid. 

Fig, 23. Vapor-pressure curves of water, ethyl alcohol, and ether... 

Interpreting Graphs Examine the graph below, which plots vapor pressure versus temperature for water and ethyl alcohol. 

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