Vancomycin Water

Clinical Use. Vancomycin and teicoplanin as fomiulated dmgs are lyophilized powders to be reconstituted with sterile water for injection. Vancomycin hydrochloride [1404-93-9] is presented in vials of 500 mg that give 100—200 mL solution of pH 2.5—4.2. It is administered by slow (60 min) infusion at a dose of 500 mg every 6 h or 1 g every 12 h/d. The teicoplanin contains the five factors (87%) plus 13% of the pseudoaglycone T-A3-1. It is presented in vials containing 200 mg of lyophili ed power that after dissolution with 3 mL of solvent gives a solution at pH 7.5. The dose regimen is 200—800 mg/d by iv bolus adrninistration. 

For most free amino acids and small peptides, a mixture of alcohol with water is a typical mobile phase composition in the reversed-phase mode for glycopeptide CSPs. For some bifunctional amino acids and most other compounds, however, aqueous buffer is usually necessary to enhance resolution. The types of buffers dictate the retention, efficiency and - to a lesser effect - selectivity of analytes. Tri-ethylammonium acetate and ammonium nitrate are the most effective buffer systems, while sodium citrate is also effective for the separation of profens on vancomycin CSP, and ammonium acetate is the most appropriate for LC/MS applications. 

The macrocyclic antibiotic-based CSPs have not been used extensively in SFC. Two macrocyclic antibiotic CSPs, Chirobiotic T and Chirobiotic V, were included in a study of various CSPs in SFC. At least partial resolution of approximately half of the 44 test compounds could be obtained on these two CSPs in SFC [63]. A high concentration of modifier was necessary to elute some of the analytes. Enantioreso-lution of derivatized amino acids was also demonstrated in the same study. Flowever, a complex modifier comprised of methanol, water, and glycerol was required for separations performed on the Chirobiotic T CSP. The separation of coumachlor enantiomers on a vancomycin-based CSP (Chirobiotic V) in SFC is illustrated in Fig. 12-5 [32]. 

Figure 2.15 Percentage of incorporated vancomycin released from discs of load 20mgg T as a function of time and water tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS) molar ratio (R) (n — 3, errors bars represent 1 standard deviation). Average total vancomycin amount in discs of water TMOS molar ratio = 4 of load 20 mg g 1 was 8.5 mg per disc. (Reproduced from ref. 10, with permission.)...

Add sufficient quantity of water in the Vancomycin 500 mg vial to make 7.5 mL. From this solution, withdraw 4.3 mL to obtain 286.4 mg of the drug. 

NaCNBH3 (10 mM) in phosphate buffer (pH = 3). The slurry is sonicated for 1 h, centrifuged, and the cyanoborohydride solution eliminated. The modified silica is washed with water and methanol, and then dried. This chemistry of binding provided for vancomycin a substantial bonding density of 120 p,mol/g (0.40 p,mol/m ) [70] (see Table 2.2). Surface coverage data for ristocetin A [75] and glycopeptide MDL 63,246 [43,44] were not provided by the authors. 

Araujo C, Torres C, Silva N et al (2010) Vancomycin-resistant enterococci from Portuguese waste water treatment plants. J Basic Microbiol 50(6) 605-609... 

Vancomycin is an antibiotic produced by Streptococcus orientalis and Amycolatopsis orientalis. With the single exception of flavobacterium, it is active only against gram-positive bacteria, particularly staphylococci. Vancomycin is a glycopeptide of molecular weight 1500. It is water soluble and quite stable. 

Physical Properties. The molecular weight of dalbaheptides ranges from about 1150 to 2200. Pure dalbaheptides are obtained as colorless or whitish amorphous powders that usually retain water and solvents. Dalbaheptides are generally water-soluble. Teicoplanin can be obtained as an internal sail or as a partial monoalkaline (sodium) salt depending on tile pH of the aqueous solution in the final purification step. Other dalbaheptides arc obtained as acidic salts, such as hydrochlorides (vancomycin, actaplanin) or sulfates (ristocetin A, avoparcin, eiemomycin). The presence of amino, carboxyl, benzylic, and phenolic hydroxyl functions, sugars, and aliphatic chains influences both water solubility and total charge. 

Clinical Use. Vancomycin and teicoplanin as formulated drugs are lyophilized powders to be reconstituted with sterile water for injection. 

Thiostrepton is a macrocyclic polypeptide antibiotic that is structurally different from vancomycin and teicoplanin. It is soluble in water and acetic acid. It is obtained from Streptomyces azureus bacterium. There are 17 chiral centers in this antibiotic, with 2 large cavities (A and B in Fig. 1). Five thiazole rings, 1 quinoline ring, 5 hydroxyl groups, 10 amide linkages, and 1 secondary amine make the molecule stereo-specific in nature. 

The peroxidase reaction of heme peroxidases has found technical uses mainly for the polymerization of phenols and anilines (Scheme 2.13) [206-216] and for waste water treatment [217-220], whereas phenol coupling reactions in the biosynthesis of e.g. vancomycin are carried out by P450-type cytochromes [221],... 

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