Vanadium electrical resistivity

In addilion to ferrous ulluys, chromium also is added to cupper, vanadium, zirconium, and other metals to form several hundred chromium-bearing alloys. Nickel-chromium-iron alloys have high electrical resistance and are used widely as electrical heating elements. Niclirttme and ChromeI are examples. 

Introduction.—The possibility of allotropy in vanadium metal at sub-ambient temperatures has been investigated by measuring the electrical resistivity in the [110] direction of a single crystal, the elastic constants, and by. Y-ray diffraction studies. The results were consistent with no allotropy. The information available on vanadium chemistry has been indexed and the organometallic chemistry of this element reported during 1971 has been reviewed. Dicyclopentadienylpentacarbonyldivanadium has been shown... 

The fabrication process of vanadium oxide (VO2) has also been studied using RBS/C. Since optical and electrical properties of VO2 are dramatically changed at 68°C due to phase transition, VO2 is regarded as one of the candidates for thermally activated electronic or optical switching devices for optical libers or sensors. To obtain the desired properties, the development of the fabrication process for very thin films, without crystalline defects on various substrates, is required. Single-crystalline VO2 thin films on (0001) plane of a sapphire substrate have been synthesized by a laser ablation method. The quality of VO2 was examined by X-ray diffraction and RBS/C method. The electrical resistance and the optical transmittance of the VO2 film were measured under increasing and decreasing temperatures. At a temperature of 68 °C, an abrupt transition of resistance from metal to... 

The measurement results of electrical resistance of irradiated films (Figure 24.19) speak in favor of the offered mechanism. At irradiation doses of up to 10 cm" both materials manifest an increase in resistance provoked by the accumulation of helium at boundaries, which results in enlargement of electron scattering centers. Further, chromium nitride experiences a catastrophic growth of resistance, which results in collapse. The vanadium nitride forms a stable system of opened channels, through which the excess helium escapes. The value of electrical resistance remains unchanged. 

Col74] Collings, E.W., Anomalous Electrical Resistivity, bcc Phase Stabihty, and Superconductivity in Titanium-Vanadium Alloys, Phys. Rev., Vol 9,1974, p. 3989-3999... 

LW Shacklette, WS Williams. Influence of order-disorder transformations on the electrical resistivity of vanadium carbide. Phys Rev B7 5041, 1973. 

The major industrial use of vanadium is in alloy steels and cast iron, to which it lends ductility and shock resistance. Conunercial production is mainly as the iron alloy ferrovanadium, a tough, high-speed steel containing around 4-5% V. In ferrovanadium manufacture, vanadium pentoxide is reduced in an airtight electric furnace by ferrosilicon. ... 

Results of investigations of vanadium dioxide thin films obtained by the electron-beam evaporation method are considered. Structural and surface morphology of VO., thin films on silicon substrates are presented. Analysis of electrical characteristics of the studied samples is given. A hysteresis of temperature dependences of capacitance and resistance, as well as the phase transition at 58 °C are obtained. 

By far the most important application of vanadium today is in making alloys. An alloy is made by melting and mixing two or more metals. The mixture has properties different from those of the individual metals. Vanadium steel, for example, is more resistant to wear than ordinary steel. A potentially important use of vanadium is in the manufacture of batteries. These batteries show promise for use in electric cars. 

Litzelman SJ, Rothschild A, TuUer HL (2005) The electrical properties and stability of SrTi, jFe, jjOj 5 thin films for automotive oxygen sensor applications. Sens Actuators B 108 231-237 Liu P, Lee S-H, Tracy CE, Turner JA, Pitts JR, Deb SK (2003) Electrochromic and chemochromic performance of mesoporous thin-film vanadium oxide. Solid State Ionics 165 223-228 Liu RQ, Xie YH, Wang JD, Li ZJ, Wang BH (2006) Synthesis of ammonia at atmospheric pressure with Ce M Oj-delta (M=La, Y, Gd, Sm) and their proton conduction at intermediate temperature. Solid State Ionics 177 73-76 Logothetis EM (1980) Resistive-type exhaust gas sensors. Ceram Eng Sd Proc 2 281-301... 

Other redox systems were also proposed in the past, such as the zinc/alkaline sodium ferricyanide [NajFeCCN) H2O] couple, and initial development work was performed. However, none of these efforts proved successful, mainly because of difficulties resulting from the efficacy and resistance of the ionic exchange membranes, until the development of the vanadium redox battery, by the University of New South Wales, Australia, in the late 1980s. Almost concurrently with this, development work started on VRBs at Sumitomo Electric Industries (SEI) of Osaka, Japan. Starting in the mid-1990s, VRB development has also been conducted at Mitsubishi Chemical s Kashima-Kita facility, although at a lower level of effort than at SEI. 

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