Excess helium

Torgersen, T., Clarke, W. B., Excess helium-4 in Teggar Lake, Possibilities for a uranium ore body, Science. 199, 769-771 (1978). 

Craig, H., Weiss, R. F. (1971) Dissolved gas saturation anomalies and excess helium in the ocean. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 10, 289-96. 

Damon, P. E., Kulp, J. L. (1958) Excess helium and argon in beryl and other minerals. Amer. Mineralogists, 43, 433-59. 

Pepin R. O., Palma R. L., and Schlutter D. J. (2000) Noble gases in interplanetary dust particles I. The excess helium-3 problem and estimates of the relative fluxes of solar wind and solar energetic particles in interplanetary space. Meteoritics 35, 495-504. 

The dawn of the modern era of terrestrial noble gas studies can be traced to a suggestion by Suess and Wanke (1965) that the ocean floor should be characterized by a steady-state loss of helium equal to its production in the mantle. Although they measured a 6% excess helium saturation anomaly in Pacific deep water, doubts were... 

Stephenson, M., Schwartz, W.J., Evenden, L.D. and Bird, G.A., 1992. Identification of deep groundwater discharge areas in Boggy Creek catchment, southeastern Manitoba, using excess helium. Can. J. Earth Sci., 29 2640-2652. 

Craig H, Lupton JE (1981) Helium-3 and mantle volatiles in the ocean and the oceanic cmst. In The Sea, Vol. 7. C Emiliani (ed) John Wiley Sons, New York, p 391-428 Craig H, Weiss RF (1971) Dissolved gas saturation anomalies and excess helium in the ocean. Earth Planet Sci Lett 10 289-296... 

Winckler G, Suess E, Wallmann K, De Lange GJ, Westbrook GK, Bayer R (1997) Excess helium and argon of radiogenic origin in Mediterranean brine basins. Earth Planet Sci Lett 151 225-233... 

The measurement results of electrical resistance of irradiated films (Figure 24.19) speak in favor of the offered mechanism. At irradiation doses of up to 10 cm" both materials manifest an increase in resistance provoked by the accumulation of helium at boundaries, which results in enlargement of electron scattering centers. Further, chromium nitride experiences a catastrophic growth of resistance, which results in collapse. The vanadium nitride forms a stable system of opened channels, through which the excess helium escapes. The value of electrical resistance remains unchanged. 

HHV successful modification to prevent (1) the reoccurrence of oil ingress into the main turbomachinery and into the main helium-circuit, (2) to prevent the excessive helium leek rate, and (3) the provision of detectors for hydrocarbons in the main helium circuit. 

Fleischmann and Pons were actually the first to observe the production of helium-4 in the Pd/D system [4]. However, due to the extensive criticism of their 1989 announcement, they did not want ... to open another front for attacks on their work, and so their measurements of helium-4 were never officially reported. The first reported experiments correlating the calorimetric excess enthalpy and helium-4 production were conducted by Miles in 1990 at the Naval Weapons Center (now NAWCWD) in China Lake, California, and the helium measurements were performed under the supervision of Bush at the University of Texas [6-8]. The presence of helium-4 was observed in eight out of nine effluent gas samples collected during the presence of excess heat [7,8]. No helium-4 was observed for six out of the six samples of effluent gas for a Pd/H20 control study. Measurements were also conducted for heUum-3 in these studies, but none was detected [6]. In summary, for all experiments conducted by Miles at NAWCWD, 12 out of 12 produced no excess helium-4 when no excess heat was measured, and 18 out of 21 experiments gave a correlation between the measurements of excess heat and helium-4 [8, 18]. Three of the experiments that produced hehum-4 were conducted under double-blind rules [8, 18]. An exact statistical treatment for all experiments shows that the probability is only one in 750 000 that the China Lake set of heat and helium-4 measurements could be this well correlated due to random experimental errors [18]. Furthermore, the rate of helium-4 production was always in the appropriate range of 10 to 10 atoms per second per watt of excess power for D -I- D or other likely nuclear reactions [8,18]. 

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