Vanadium-contaminated fluid cracking catalysts

DFCr systems appear to have the necessary metals tolerance to process residual oils and the abundant, cheaper, but heavily vanadium-contaminated, Venezuelan and Mexican crudes (1-4). Therefore, the dual function fluid cracking catalyst (DFCC) concept could lead to the generation of important catalysts for U.S. refineries should Middle East politics cause another sudden escalation in crude oil prices and availability. The concept is... 

Occelli, M. L. Stencel, J. M. "Surface-Metals Interaction in Fluid Cracking Catalysts During the Upgrading of Vanadium-Contaminated Gas Oils," in Proceedings of the International Zeolite Conference. Wurzburg, Germany, September 1988. 

Tin Passivation of Vanadium Contaminants in Model Fluid Cracking Catalysts... 

Sodium on fluid cracking catalyst, FCC, comes from the raw materials used in the catalyst manufacturing process as well as salt contamination in the feedstock. Sodium can deactivate cracking catalysts by poisoning the acid sites on the matrix and zeolite and by promoting sintering of silica-alumina (1). Sodium can act synergistically with vanadium to accelerate the destruction of zeolite (2). 

Metal contaminants when deposited onto fluid cracking catalysis (FCC) have a serious detrimental effect on the catalysts physicochemical properties (1-21). Vanadium (at levels < 2,000 ppm) generally yield less hydrogen and coke than nickel contaminants in FCC s and its deleterious effects depend on its concentration and... 

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