V type nerve agent

Aminolysis of phenyl dithioacetates,8 pyridinolysis of O-ethyl dithiocarbonates,9 reaction of pyrrolidine with O-ethyl 5-aryl dithiocarbonates,10 aminolysis of chlorothionformates,11 pyridinolysis of alkyl aryl thioncarbonates,12 reaction of anionic nucleophiles with nitrophenyl benzoate and its sulfur analogues,36 hydrolysis of methyl benzoate and phenyl acetate containing SMe, SOMe and S02Me substituents,42 solvolysis of phenyl chlorothioformate,79 synthesis of new thiadiazoles,124 examination of a neighbouring sulfonium group in ester hydrolysis,136 hydrolysis of V-type nerve agents,250 and the reactions of peroxymonosulfate ion with phosphorus(V) esters have all been looked at previously in this review. 

J. Wang, J. Zima, N.S. Lawrence and M.P. Chatrathi, Microchip capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection of thiol-containing degradation products of V-type nerve agents, Anal. Chem., 76 (2004) 4721-4726. 

DETECTION OF V-TYPE NERVE AGENT DEGRADATION PRODUCTS USING A POLYPYRROLE / PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE-MODIFIED ELECTRODE... 

Table 1. Structure of V-type nerve agents and the corresponding hydrolysis products.

A PPy/PQQ modified GC electrode was used for amperometric detection of V-type nerve agent decomposition products. The electropolymerization of pyrrole was efficiently used for immobilization of the biocatalyst, PQQ. The introduction of CaCl2 as a supporting electrolyte during electrodeposition significantly improves the response of the sensor to DMAET and DEAET. Amperometric studies targeted to detection of DMAET and DEAET by PPy/PQQ electrode were performed at a constant potential set at 0.25 V, and the electrode characteristics such as sensitivity and the analyte detection limit were determined. 

Yang Y-Ch, Szafraniec LL, Beaudry WT, Rohrbaugh DK, Procell LR, Samuel JB (1996) Autocat-alytic Hydrolysis of V-Type Nerve Agents, J Org Chem 61 8407-8413... 

Joshi, K.A., Prouza, M., Kum, M., Wang, J., Tang, J., Haddon, R., Chen, W., Mulchandani, A. (2006). V-type nerve agent detection using a carbon nanotube-based ameprometric enzyme electrode. Anal. Chem. 78 331-6. 

The G-nerve agents include GA (tabun, ethyl A,A-dimethyl-phosphoramidocyanidate), GB (sarin, isopropyl-methylphosphonofluoridate), GD (soman, 1,2,2-tri-methylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate), and VX (o-ethyl 5-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothiolate). The V-type nerve agents are several orders of magnitude less volatile than the G-type agents and act primarily as a liquid via the percutaneous route for example, VX is several orders of magnitude more lethal percutaneously than sarin (Reutter, 1999). 

Chemistry, vol. 78, p. 331 - V-type nerve agent detection using a carbon nanotube-based amperometric enzyme electrode . 

CoTAPc-SWCNT BPPGE Adsorption DMAET, DEAET (V-type nerve agents) [89]... 

Pillay J, Ozoemena KI (2007) Electrochemical properties of surface-confined films of single-walled carbon nanombes functionalised with cobalt(II)tetra-aminophthalocyanine electrocatalysis of sulfhydryl degradation products of V-type nerve agents. Electrochim Acta... 

For diagnostic detection of BChE adducts of common G- and V-type nerve agents, enhanced sample throughput was achieved by automated processes in 96-well plate format, extracting plasma by inunimomagnetic separation (Knaack et al., 2012). An alternative method, based on the principle of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), was presented by Wang et al. (2011) to determine OP adducts in complete BChE. 

John, H., Breyer, E, Thumfart, J.O., et al., 2010. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for detection and identification of albumin phosphylation by organophosphorus pesticides and G- and V-type nerve agents. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 398, 2677-2691. 

Schmidt, C., Breyer, R, Blum, M.-M., et al., 2014. V-type nerve agents phosphonyl-ate ubiquitin at biologically relevant lysine residues and induce intramolecular cyclization by an isopeptide bond. Anal.Bioanal.Chem. 406, 5171-5185. 

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