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Used in Hydraulic Fracturing

In the pressing and ongoing need to produce more natural gas, technological advances have permitted the industry to drill deeper in various directions, tapping into gas reserves with greater facility and profitability. These advances have allowed the mining of vasf, newly discovered gas deposits however, the new technology depends heavily on the use of undisclosed types and amounts of toxic chemicals (Colborn et al., 2010). [Pg.131]

Table 17-3 summarizes the various types of fluids and techniques used in hydraulic fracturing. [Pg.236]

Penny, G.S. "Nondamaging Fluid Loss Additives for Use in Hydraulic Fracturing of Gas Wells," SPE paper 10659, 1982 SPE Formation Damage Control Symposium, Lafayette, March 24-25. [Pg.659]

Sheam, G.P. and Kiel, O.M. "Compositions for Use in Hydraulic Fracturing Operations Involving Wells Penetrating Subterranean Formations," US Patent 3,501,198(1971). [Pg.666]

Gall, B.L. and Raible, C.J. "The Use of Size Exclusion Chromatography to Study the Degradation of Water Soluble Polymers Used in Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids," Polvm. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1986, 55, 572 75, Anaheim. [Pg.670]

A computer-controlled rheology laboratory has been constructed to study and optimize fluids used in hydraulic fracturing applications. Instruments consist of both pressurized capillary viscometers and concentric cylinder rotational viscometers. Computer control, data acquisition and analysis are accomplished by two Hewlett Packard 1000 computers. Custom software provides menu-driven programs for Instrument control, data retrieval and data analysis. [Pg.105]

Polymer requirements are dictated by the specific application. In drilling, the polymers must be shear stable and provide a means of suspending and removing formation cuttings. For use in hydraulic fracturing, the polymeric fluid must also suspend solid proppants, help control fluid loss, reduce friction and provide viscosity for the creation of fracture width. However, after the treatment the polymer containing fluid must be degradable, so that it can be readily returned from the formation and not interfere with oil and gas production. [Pg.279]

API Recommended Practice RP-56 (1998) Recommended Practices for Evaluating Sand used in Hydraulic Fracturing Operations. American Institute of Petroleum Engineers, Washington, D.C. [Pg.689]

In 2011, the U.S. Congressional Committee on Energy and Commerce published a report. Chemicals Used in Hydraulic Fracturing, which lauded hydraulic fracturing as a new technological device in the ongoing pursuit of oil... [Pg.141]

The oil and gas service companies used hydraulic fracturing products containing 29 chemicals that are (1) known or possible human carcinogens, (2) regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act for their risks to human health, or (3) listed as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) under the Qean Air Act. These 29 chemicals were components of 652 different products used in hydraulic fracturing. Table 7.4 lists these toxic chemicals and their frequency of use. [Pg.144]

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Chemicals Used in Hydraulic Fracturing

Hydraulic Fracture

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