Use as chemical feedstock

Various processes have been developed for hydrolyzing lignocellulose to its major constituents, i.e., to sugars and (partly) depolymerized lignin. The lignin is usually precipitated from the aqueous solution and either used as chemical feedstock or burned as process fuel. The aqueous sugar solution is then applied for fermentation to ethanol after neutralization and purification. 

Chemicals—H2, CO, or both are used as chemical feedstock for the production of ammonia, oxo-chemicals, methanol, acetic acid, hydrogen, fertilizer, or synthetic hydrocarbon fnels (zero-snlfnr diesel and other transportation fnels) manufactnred nsing Fischer-Tropsch processing, and other chemicals. 

Some solvent molecules also happen to be used as chemical feedstocks. These uses rely on molecular struc-... 

Chemical recycling of PET. Chemical recycling of PET depends on chemical reactions which break down the PET into small molecules, which can then be used as chemical feedstocks, either for repolymerizing PET or for manufacturing related polymers. Two procedures, glycolysis and methanolysis, are in commercial use. Both can be used to produce PET which is essentially chemically identical to virgin polymer, and which have been approved for food-contact use. - ... 

Figure 1.11 Fossil energy requirement for petrochemical polymers and PLA. The cross-hatched area of the bars represent the fossil energy used as chemical feedstock (i.e., fossil resource to build the polymer chain). The solid part of the bars represented the gross fossil energy used for the fuels and operation supplies used to drive the production processes. PC = polycarbonate HIPS = high-impact polystyrene GPPS = general purpose polystyrene LDPE = low-density polyethylene PET SSP = polyethylene terephthalate, solid-state polymerization (bottle grade) PP = polypropylene PET AM = polyethylene terepthalate, amorphous (fiber and film grade) ...

Grain seeds are rich sources of protein, almost always used for food, but potentially useful as chemical feedstocks for specialty applications. An exciting possibility just now coming to fruition in a practical sense is to transplant genes into plants so that they will make specialty proteins such as medicinal agents. 

The production and consumption of biodiesel in Germany will reach more than one million tons this year. In the European Union 2.2 Million tons are expected in this year. Biodiesel can be used as chemical feedstock as well. 

The world has never "run out" of any resources—typically, some resources have been priced out of some uses and replac by another resource for example, oil replaced coal, which had replaced wood, for use as chemical feedstocks, yet coal and wood supplies still exist and remain in use for other applications. 

The component distribution of liquefied petroleum gases and propene concentrates is often required as a specification analysis for end-use sale of this material. Its wide use as chemical feedstocks or as fuel, require precise compositional data to ensure uniform quality of the desired reaction products. 

Other plant products used in functional applications, with almost no chemical but physical processing, are -+cotton, - silk, - wool, - flax. Sometimes, their by-products (e.g., cotton linters) are used as chemical feedstock. 

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