Urine leakage

Urine leakage with physical activity (volume is proportional to activity level). No Ul with physical inactivity, especially when supine (no nocturia). May develop urgency and frequency as a compensatory mechanism (or as a separate component of bladder overactivity). 

Urine leakage Use of absorbent products Yes/no, type(s), quantity, times of day worn... 

Ul represents a spectrum of severity in terms of both volume of leakage and degree of bother to the patient. To carefully consider the level of patient discomfort when discussing urine leakage, the clinician must probe during the patient interview to accurately determine the precise nature of the problem. 

Small, single-use device that is worn in the urethra to provide mechanical obstruction to prevent urine leakage removed for voiding (e.g., FemSoft Insert, Rochester Med. Corp., Stewartville, MN)... 

Nephrostomy-related urinoma formation has been reported in the pediatric population. This complication is more likely when the renal parenchyma is thin, as in children with chronic reflux or where the free wall of the renal pelvis is punctured. If the urinoma is large or becomes infected, percutaneous drainage may be required (Gonzalez-Serva et al. 1977 Ball et al. 1986). While a small amount of urine leakage around the nephrostomy catheter can be considered normal, excessive leakage is usually due to catheter blockage, especially in patients with pyonephrosis or excessive bleeding. 

Urinary incontinence (UI) is defined as the complaint of involuntary leakage of urine.1 It is often associated with other bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms such as urgency, increased daytime frequency, and nocturia. Despite its prevalence across the lifespan and in both sexes, it remains an underdetected and underreported health problem that can have significant negative consequences for the individual s quality of life. Patients with UI may be depressed due to a... 

Generalized carnitine deficiency, in its primary form and inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, is due to a defect of the specific high-affinity, low-concentration, carrier-mediated carnitine-uptake mechanism. The defect has been documented in cultured fibroblasts and muscle cultures, but the same uptake system is probably shared by heart and kidney, thus explaining the cardiomyopathy and the excessive leakage of carnitine into the urine. Oral L-carnitine supplementation results in dramatic improvement in cardiac function [4,8]. 

Urinary incontinence (UI) is the complaint of involuntary leakage of urine. 

When Spleen-Qi is not able to control transportation of the food essence, leakage may present, manifested as a large amount of leukorrhea, unstable plasma glucose and glucose, and protein or blood in the urine. 

Due to size limitations, most enzymes present in plasma are not filtered into the urine but there are some exceptions (e.g., lysozyme) these will be increased in the urine if tubular function (and uptake of filtered protein) is decreased. In addition, if glomerular injury accompanies tubular injury leakage of larger molecular weight proteins may occur and plasma source enzymes that ordinarily would not be filtered may appear in urine. AST, LDH and IALP may thus appear in urine. 

Kidney Currently, there are no kidney-specific leakage enzymes assayed in serum. Renal function is evaluated by assaying serum levels of nitrogenous wastes—blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine—and monitoring protein levels in the urine (indicator of glomerular damage). 

The cell membrane serves as a protective barrier in renal cells. It is the initial site which p-lactams encounter in their journey to the cellular environment from the blood or tubular fluid, p-lactams may disrupt the functional organization of the membrane through peroxidation of membrane lipids, which, in turn, leads to the inability of membrane to serve as an osmotic barrier and causes the cytosol contents to leak. As a result of the cephalosporins disruptive effect on cell membrane, increased leakage of the cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) occurs. The increased LDH concentration was from the cytosol of the renal cortex [49,71] or from isolated proximal and distal tubular cells [39] or in the urine of experimental animals [39]. The results of these studies indicate that plasma membrane became permeable to large molecules such as LDH. After cephalosporin treatment, cephaloridine caused the greatest decrease of LDH concentration in cytosol [49]. Whereas, cephaloridine induced a greater release of LDH from proximal tubular cells than cepha-lothin and cephalexin, distal cells were not affected by any of these cephalosporins [38,39]. 

Japanese workers (KIO) have reported the occasional appearance of NAD in the urine of patients with progressive muscular dystrophy. Coenzyme A is said to be decreased in the muscle and increased in the serum of patients (Rl). Such changes probably reflect increased leakage of these nucleotides from diseased muscle fibers rather than changes in their metabolism. 

Several studies have evaluated whether the clinical and urodynamic effects of a combination of estrogen and an a-adrenergic receptor agonist exceed those of the individual therapies in SUI. In general, combination therapy has resulted in somewhat superior clinical and urodynamic responses compared with monotherapy, including severity of complaints, amount of urine lost per episode, number of daily voluntary micturitions, number of leakage episodes per day, patient preference, pad use, maximum urethral closure pressure, functional urethral length, and pressure transmission ratio. 

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