Urine excretion indicator

Information on the excretion of americium after dermal exposure in humans or animals is extremely limited. Some qualitative information is available from an accidental exposure in which a worker received facial wounds from projectile debris and nitric acid during an explosion of a vessel containing 241 Am (McMurray 1983). The subject also inhaled 241Am released to the air as dust and nitric acid aerosols, which was evident from external chest measurements of internal radioactivity thus, excretion estimates reflect combined inhalation, dermal, and wound penetration exposures (Palmer et al. 1983). Measurements of cumulative fecal and urinary excretion of241 Am during the first years after the accident, and periodic measurements made from day 10 to 11 years post accident indicated a fecal urine excretion ratio of approximately 0.2-0.3, although the ratio was approximately 1 on day 3 post accident (Breitenstein and... 

Pyrethroid insecticides are rapidly metabolized to their inactive acids and alcohol components, which are excreted primarily in urine. A small portion of the absorbed compounds is excreted unchanged. Occupational exposure to pyrethroid insecticides can be assessed by measuring intact compounds or their metabolites in urine. Biological indicators of internal dose in exposed subjects are reported in Table 7. Due to their rapid metabolism, determination of blood concentrations can only be used to reveal recent high-level exposures. 

Daily urinary excretion levels of chromium were nearly identical in men and women (averages of 0.17 and 0.20 pg/L, respectively 0.18 pg/L combined) who ate normal dietary levels of chromium ( 60 pg chromium(III)/day). When the subjects normal diets were supplemented with 200 pg chromium(in)/day as chromium trichloride to provide intakes of 260 pg chromium(ni)/day, urinary excretion of chromium rose proportionately to an average of 0.98 pg/L combined. Thus a five-fold increase in oral intake resulted in about a five-fold increase in excretion, indicating absorption was proportional to the dose regardless of whether the source was food or supplement (Anderson et al. 1983). A group of 23 elderly subjects who received an average of 24.5 pg/day (0.00035 mg chromium(III)/kg/day) from their normal diets excreted 0.4 pg chromium/day in the urine (1.6%) and 23.9 pg chromium/day in the feces (97.6%), with a net retention of 0.2 pg/day (0.8%). Based on the 1980 daily requirement for absorbable chromium of 1 pg/day by the National Academy of Science Food and Nutrition Board, the retention was considered adequate for their requirements (Bunker et al. 1984). 

Tinidazole is similar to metronidazole but has a longer t/ (13 h). It is excreted mainly unchanged in the urine. The indications for use and adverse... 

Dioxane is absorbed rapidly and completely following oral and inhalation exposure with much less absorption occurring from the dermal route. In both rats and humans, 1,4-dioxane is primarily metabolized to p-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (HEAA), which is excreted in the urine. Data indicate that the metabolism of 1,4-dioxane is linear at exposure levels up to 50 ppm (180 mgm ). The half-life for elimination of... 

Erythroqde protoporphyrin concentrations are not a sensitive indicator of low-concentration Pb exposure but are definitive markers for Pb overdose an er)rthrocyte protoporphyrin concentration greater than 60(J.g/dL is a significant indicator of Pb exposure (see Chapter 32). Serum ALAD concentrations are also a useful indicator for medium to high concentrations of Pb exposure however, they do not correlate with low concentrations of Pb exposure. Serum Pb analysis is of very limited utility, because Pb concentrations are abnormal only for a short period of time after exposure. Normally the hair Pb content is lower than 5ug/g hair Pb concentration greater than 25 lg/g mdicates severe Pb exposure. Quantification of urine excretion rates either before or after chelation therapy has been used as an indicator of Pb exposure. However, blood Pb levels have the strongest correlation with toxicity. 

On feeding 113.5 mg doses of2,4-DB to sheep, Lisk etal. (1963) found that 3.4% of the dose is excreted in unchanged form and 8.2% as 2,4-D in the urine. This indicates that predominantly 2,4-DB metabolism does not proceed via / -oxidation. 

ALA aminolevulinic acid ALAD 5-(5)aminolevulic acid dehydratase, an enzyme which is involved in the biosynthesis of the hemin-porphyrin skeleton decrease in its activity is monitored, e.g. in the case of increased exposure to lead albumin a group of proteins found in nearly every animal and in many vegetable tissues, e.g. semm albumin albuminuria increased excretion of albumin in the urine can indicate damage to the kidney... 

A Danish study of iodine intake in elderly men and women was made in 1988 after a number of studies had suggested that the iodine intake in Denmark has been stable and relatively low for the last 30 years (Pedersen et ai, 1995). AH subjects were born in 1920 and were thus 68-years old at the time of the study. Iodine was measured in a spot urine sample collected in the morning. Careful investigation of the intake of supplementary iodine was taken into account, which none of the previous studies had done. The median urine excretion was 42p,g/l, which indicates moderate iodine deficiency (see Table 116.1). Analyses among users and nonusers of daily iodine supplements indicated that the basic level of iodine intake was overestimated if individual iodine supplementation was not taken into account. About half of the population took no supplements. 

Urea is a waste product, so after it is produced by the liver the kidneys must excrete it. Whenever there is impairment of urine excretion or formation, urea will accumulate in the patient s blood, leading to uremia. The blood nitrogen levels are of considerable importance in medicine, not only because their determination is invaluable for the diagnosis and prognosis of renal insufficiency, but also because they indicate the presence of the uremic syndrome. 

For the sake of argument the authors assumed that all of the protein calories were available for climbing. This implied 100% efficiency of the muscle machine, whereas between 20-30% efficiency is the present-day assumption. They concluded that protein could not be the sole source of energy for muscular work and that most of the work was done at the expense of carbohydrate and fat. The nitrogen excretion in the urine merely indicated the wear and tear of the machine. 

Peripheral blood eosinophiha is almost always present in ICEP when blood count is performed prior to corticosteroid treatment (systemic corticosteroids may decrease dramatically the eosinophil cell count within 24—48 horn s), with a mean blood eosinophilia over 5 x 10 eosinophils/L in most series. Alveolar eosinophilia usually greater than 40% at BAL differential cell count is a hallmark of ICEP (9,60), with a mean of about 60% at differential cell count (9), and is key to the diagnosis. Total blood IgE level is increased in about half the cases. C-reactive protein is elevated. Urine excretion of the EDN/eosinophil protein X (EPX) is markedly increased, indicating active eosinophil degranulation (61). 

Although data on the toxicology of sucrose esters in humans is less common than in animal models, some studies are reported. A pharmacokinetic study of human volunteers fed 1 g of sucrose tallowate showed no adverse effects, and plasma and urine analyses indicated rapid hydrolysis of the ester in the gastrointestinal tract and almost complete absorption and subsequent excretion of the hydrolysis products. This indicated Kttle tendency for the ester to accumulate in body tissues [79]. 

Mass spectrometric investigations have also shown that in chronic--enterocolitis patients nicotinic acid does not affect considerably lysine absorption but contributes to more intensive decrease of the label concentration in blood and its lesser excretion in urine which indicates that the nitrogen is retained in the organism (Fig. 6). 

Formanilide was thought to be excreted by dogs as p-aminophenol (203). Benzoxazolone also was isolated, but Williams (447) believed it to be an artifact formed from o-aminophenol. He assumed that the formyl group was removed in the course of metabolism and that the resulting aniline was oxidized in both the ortho and para positions. The presence of glucuronic acid in the urine was indicated (203). The main metabolic product in rabbits was p-aminophenol. 

Total or Titration Addity.—This is found by titrating 10 ml. of urine with N/10 NaOH, using 2 drops of 0 1 per cent, phenol-red or phenolphthalein as indicator. The result is expressed as the quantity of N/10 NaOH required to neutralise (1) 100 ml. urine, or (2) the total volume of urine excreted in twenty-four horns. 

Proteins in the urine usually indicate kidney damage. Albumin (with the lowest molecular weight) is excreted predominantly. The Bence-Jones protein, which appears in certain bone marrow tumors, was noticed because of its peculiar solubility properties the protein precipitates when a solution of it is warmed to 45-60 , and dissolves again at 80° evidently it is not denatured by heat. 

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