Untestable

From tests with Level-2-inspectors [2, 3] we learn that 10 % of the errors in weld testing are caused hy too fast probe movements (indications are missed or overlooked), 34 % by too strong coupling variations (underestimation of indications) or coupling failures and 56 % by incomplete scanning (untested areas). 

In contrast to prescription dmgs, OTC dmgs and cosmetics are not subject to preclearance in the United States. However, the rules covering OTC dmgs preclude introduction of untested dmgs or new combinations. A "new chemical entity" that appears suitable for OTC dmg use requires work-up via the new dmg appHcation (NDA) process. In contrast, the use of ingredients in cosmetics is essentially unrestricted and may include less well known substances. 

Primarily because of the lack of adequate experimental techniques (particularly, the produc tion of appropriate monodisperse aerosols), there has been no comprehensive experimental test of any of the venturi-scrubber models over wide ranges of design and operating variables. The models for other types of scrubbers appear to be essentially untested. 

Some large-particle penetration 24 hr or longer sample required in clean areas for mass measurement automated version relatively untested in remote locations... 

To date, there has been relatively little work reported on the mesophase pitch rheology which takes into account its liquid crystalline nature. However, several researchers have performed classical viscometric studies on pitch samples during and after their transformation to mesophase. While these results provide no information pertaining to the development of texture in mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers, this information is of empirical value in comparing pitches and predicting their spinnability, as well as predicting the approximate temperature at which an untested pitch may be melt-spun. 

The threshold for toxic injury is not the same for everyone because sensitivity varies greatly among individuals. Most chemicals in consumer products remain untested for health effects, such as cancer, reproductive problems, and the impacts of long-term, low level exposure. How these substances affect women, children, and people with existing conditions is also little studied. Once a person s defenses have been broken down and he or she has become hypersensitive, a wide variety of common chemical exposures can trigger a reaction. Just what products and other chemicals which cause problems varies greatly among affected individuals. 

It is widely perceived that carbon nanotubes will allow construction of composites with extraordinary strength weight ratios, due to the inherent strength of the nanotubes. Several rules of thumb have been developed in the study of fiber/matrix composites. Close inspection of these shows that carbon nanotubes satisfy several criteria, but that others remain untested (and therefore unsatisfied to date). High-strength com-... 

The uncertainties in human error rates may be within the stated uncertainty bounds, but such is not demonstrated from sparse experiments. Both the qualitative description of the human interaction logic and the quantitative assessment of those actions rely on the virtually untested judgment of experts. 

When the rupture disk is installed on the inlet side of the pressure relief valve (see Figures 7-10, 7-11 and 7-12), the ASME code requires that for untested disk-valve combinations that the relieving capacity of the combination be reduced to 80% of the rated relieving capacity of the pressure relief valve [ 1 ]. 

Sec. 211.82 Receipt and storage of untested components, drug product containers and closures. Sec. 211.84 Testing and approval or rejection of components, drug product containers and closures. 

This technique should give reasonable results for isothermal, first-order reactions. It and other modeling approaches are largely untested for complex and nonisothermal reactions. 

From the and p values of Tables II, VI, and VIII, data for additional substituents may be used to obtain the various Or parameters. A number of secondary substituent parameters so derived are summarized in Table XXVI. The Or values are rounded values obtained from the indicated data. The oj parameters are based upon m-FC6H4X F-nmr shifts. The results in Table II are untested, of course, and should be used with due caution. 

The program has been useful in searching and summarizing all of the polymers, with specific vendor models, that have published chemical permeation data on a chemical class basis. The advantage of this is the increased the probability of selecting polymers and/or vendors models that may exhibit equal or better chemical permeation resistance to similar chemicals that have not yet been tested. Thus, fewer models may have to be tested with untested chemicals to find an acceptable garment. 

More work needs to be done to clarify this. At the moment, the TEE values in use have been obtained for a very limited number of species. There needs to be caution in using them for calculating TEQs in untested species. 

Prediction, as well as analysis, is also important. Conceptually, the difference is clear, but it is seldom properly appreciated. Risk is associated with predictions, but there should not be any significant risk associated with an analysis. To put it rather simply Prediction is about making informed, educated guesses about uncertain, untested events, whereas analysis is about... 

Partitioning methods occasionally struggle to provide the accuracy associated with more powerful, albeit less informative techniques such as machine learning and statistical approaches. For this reason, there is a continuing need for the application of more accurate and informative classification techniques to QSAR analysis. The goal of a classifier is to produce a model that can separate new, untested compounds into classes with a training set of already classified compounds. 

Receipt and storage of untested components, drug product containers, and closures. 

One of the primary requirements for methods is that it be practicable [Section 512(b)(1)(G)]. A method that cannot be used in Federal laboratories has no value in the protection of the food supply. Method developers should avoid the use of rare or custom-made equipment, prohibitively expensive equipment, untested technologies, or reagents that are not commercially available. For a determinative procedure, an analysis should not exceed two working days, and methods should have a minimum sample throughput of at least six samples per analyst-day. 

Overall, each of these KBS approaches has its place, depending on the needs of the problem and the characteristics of the process. However, the advantages, limitations, and roles of the various methods must be clarified so that problem-solving efficiency can be achieved along with the ability to reach correct conclusions despite challenging circumstances knowledge that is incomplete data that are incomplete, unreliable, or extremely plentiful or situations that are untested or completely unanticipated. 

It is important to remember that Eqs. (7.10) and (7.11) are both based on assumptions that (1) sink conditions are maintained, (2) data are taken early in the transport process (to further assure sink condition), and (3) there is no membrane retention of solute. In discovery settings where Caco-2 assays are used, the validity of assumption 3 is often untested. 

The standard of testability (vulnerability to negation in the framework of a working hypothesis in the hypothetico-deductive mode or of simultaneous adjustment in the framework of Bayesian modeling) is probably the toughest standard demanded in science. Ideas as old as the monad are not necessarily tested and validated by repeated corroboration. Indeed, they may be untested and powered by inertia. Ideas which are testable are those for which there are alternatives otherwise ideas are either unnecessary or untestable. Since Dennett has already asserted that reductionism permits no alternative, monophyly as such would have to be untestable, but, before condemning it to the rank of scientific dogma, let me cite two cases in which monophyly was tested as the alternative to a different (polyphylic) hypothesis. 

Invader assay (Third Wave) Could be high, depending on implementation High Untested Untested/low High, DNA use... 

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