Unregulated pollutants

These micro-pollutants are also considered emerging contaminants unregulated pollutants which may be candidates for future regulation depending on their potential health effects and the results of monitoring of their occurrence. 

We see many problems with the determination of so-called unregulated pollutants. 

A primary objective of the automobile industry is to relate emissions to classical air pollutants and optimize motor performance while insuring the most efficient or economic use of the fuel used. Most investigations of unregulated pollutants like PAH were designed with experiments that evaluated motor performance. A fundamental difference in perspective exists between the automobile industry and the classical analyst or biochemist. For example. 

A new and important field of research in environment analysis is the study of the so-called emerging contaminants. These compounds are mainly unregulated pollutants that were previously undetected or considered as risk free. Nevertheless, the development of highly sensitive analytical techniques has allowed the establishment of methodologies for the... 

Pollution prevention is, simply, reduction or elimination of discharges or emissions to the environment. The limits of pollutants emitted to the atmosphere, the land, and water are defined by various pieces of legislation that have been put into place over the past four decades (Chapter 5) (Speight, 1996 Woodside, 1999). This includes all pollutants, such as hazardous and nonhazardous wastes and regulated and unregulated chemicals from all sources. 

Although the use of the persistent pesticides is restricted or banned in many developed countries, they are still manufactured for export. However, they remain in wide and relatively unregulated use in developing countries. Among developed countries, there exist largely consensus for restrictions on production and use of these persistent organic pollutants. 

Unregulated dumping of untreated industrial, municipal, agricultural wastes and mining give rise to land degradation. Heavy metals like mercury, lead, cadmium, nickel and arsenic cause serious land pollution problems. For example, in Japan, waste from the mines and factories located in agricultural areas have been found to have contaminated the soil with heavy metals (see Chapter 12 for more information on... 

The growth in the concentration of the unregulated HCFC-22, on the other hand, has not abated, and its concentration more than doubled during the 1990s, from about 0.8 to 1.7 X 10 molecules cc . During 2000 and 2001, the concentration of HFC-134a, a new and completely anthropogenic pollutant, increased at an annual rate of 30% [47]. 

The use of supercritical fluids, particularly carbon dioxide, as a substitute solvent for chemical synthesis is an area of rapidly growing importance. (1-5) Carbon dioxide, when compressed to a liquid or, al ve its critical point (Jq = 31.rC, Pc = 1071 psi. Pc = 0.468 g/ml), to a supercritical fluid (SCF), represents an environmentally benign alternative to organic solvents. Since C02is nontoxic, nonflammable, inexpensive, and unregulated it can replace hazardous organic solvents and thereby provide a valuable pollution prevention tool. Moreover, as discussed below, there is a significant potential for improved synthetic chemistry via faster rates and/or enhanced selectivity for a number of reactions. 

---