Universe matter

We will all miss his friendship, his wise counsel, his calm and measured approach to teaching and research, and of course his vast experience in Departmental, Faculty, and University matters. 

The Hot Big Bang theory of the Universe was pioneered by George Gamow, R. A. Alpher and R. C. Herman in the late 1940s and early 50s. They supposed that during the first few minutes of the (then radiation-dominated) Universe, matter was originally present in the form of neutrons and that, after some free decay, protons captured neutrons and successive captures, followed by /3-decays, built up all the elements (Alpher Herman 1950). 

From the birth of the gods to the advent of dark matter, the visible sky has barely changed. It is not therefore the sky that changes, but our ideas about it. Each new cosmology opens up a new era of human experience. The truly universal matter which governs the future of the Universe, determining whether it is open or closed, may still be unknown to us, but at least we are now convinced of its existence. It is unknown, but not unknowable. Let us venture that by the tenth year of this millennium, it will have revealed its true identity. The discovery of dark matter will be a major scientific event. It remains to wonder whether it will come to us from the sky via astronomy, or from the Earth through the mediation of the particle accelerator. 

Like many natural philosophers of his day, Boyle was an atomist. He summed up his atomistic hypothesis in Origine of Forms and Qualities, published in 1666, in which he stated his belief that there was one kind of Catholick or Universal Matter which existed in the form of tiny corpuscles of different sizes, shapes, and motions. These properties of the corpuscles caused different chemical substances to have different properties. For example, noting that nitrate crystals were prismatic, Boyle reasoned that the corpuscles that made up the crystals were tiny prisms. He speculated further that it is the sharp ends of these crystals that cause nitric add to be corrosive. Of course... 

It seems not absurd to conceive that the first Production of mixt Bodies, the Universal Matter whereof they among other Parts of the Universe consisted, was actually divided into little Particles of several sizes and shapes variously moved. 

It appears from the above that Boyle entertains the hypothesis of a universal matter, the concept of atoms of different shapes and sizes, and the possibility of existence of substances that might properly be called elements, though... 

Reference to Eq. (21) shows that the parameter choice mi = 0 and do = 1 makes the potential function constant everywhere, while Eq. (9) shows how, for this case, universal matter in an equilibrium universe is necessarily distributed as an exact fractal with D = 2. Thus, the fractal D = 2 material universe is necessarily a globally inertial equilibrium universe. 

The first author, Said Elnashaie, and his wife, Shadia Elshishini, moved next door to the second author, Frank Uhlig, and his family in 2000. The two families became good neighbors and friends. Their chats covered the usual topics and occasionally included random teaching, departmental, and university matters. 

SERPENT. - In general, same significaiton as the dragon. Three serpents, the three principles. The two serpents of the caduceus signify Sulphur and Mercury. A winged serpent, the volatile principle deprived of wings, the fixed principle. A crucified serpent fixation of the volatile. A serpent with several heads represents the three principles emanating from one universal matter or cosmic ether. 

Boyle came to be an adherent of corpuscular philosophy. Aristotle s philosophy, with its four terrestrial elements occupying a plenum, was incompatible with a doctrine of atoms and the void, or of a universal matter. Boyle subjected Aristotle s theories, as far as they applied to chemistry, to serious criticism. He did the same to Paracelsus s theories, which were based upon three elements, the triaprima. Boyle s criticisms were both rational and experimental in character. They did not prevent him from pursuing alchemy as part of his chemistry. It is this unique combination of what were later separated into the twin pursuits of chemistry and alchemy, to the latter s disadvantage,... 

A hot fluid model would be highly desirable for applications in astrophysics. As we have already mentioned, the formation of RES in the primordial plasma could be an important source of large-scale nonuniformities in density and temperature, which seeded the formation of galaxies and clusters of galaxies [4], In particular, it is conjectured that in the early universe matter was present in the form of a mixture of electrons, positrons and photons in thermal equilibrium at a temperature above me2. It is evident that the propagation of relativistic EM waves in such peculiar environment should be addressed in the framework of a hot-plasma model. 

ALCHEMY — According to George Ripley, the Universal Matter of all Metals is Mercury, which set over the fire, together with the purest Sulphur, will become Gold. But if either of these constituents be sick or leprous — that is to say, infected with any impurity — some other metal will be produced instead of gold. 

The vapour of which we are speaking contains a spirit of light of fire being of the nature of the celestial bodies. This spirit should be properly considered as the form of the universe. The vapour thus impregnated by the Universal Spirit accurately represents the primeval chaos, wherein was enclosed all that was necessary for the creation, that is, universal matter and universal form. 

The idea that the elements were uniform and indivisible bodies (as opposed to an undifferentiated mass) can be traced to Leucippus of Miletus, who lived around 420 b.c.e. While the details of Leucippus s life are fragmentary, he was probably the first true atomist, arguing that there were only two aspects of the universe matter and the void. Matter was made of atoms, which were individually imperceptible, but solid and came in a finite number of shapes. By combining the basic shapes, all common matter could be constructed. Atoms also had the property of motion. This was a necessary aspect of atoms, since the void, being nothing, could not move, so the ability to move had to be inherent or part of the nature of matter. 

Not all alchemical theories were derived from ancient or medieval sources. Some grew out of conceptions of nature and evaluations of what constituted a primary or universal matter propounded much later, during the period of the Scientific Revolution. In this regard, some alchemists who adhered to the views of nature advanced by the sixteenth-century physician Paracelsus (1493/94— 1541), sought to prepare the Philosophers Stone from vitriol. Others, who traced their procedural lineage to an alchemist named Michael Sendivogius (1566-1636) expected to produce it from nitre. A third tradition extending well into the seventeenth century and... 

Following the early Greek era, interest in atomic theory waned and was only revived by the writings of Gassendi (1592-1655). For instance, Boyle and Lemery made extensive use of it. Boyle states, It seems not absurd to conceive that at the first Production of mixt Bodies, the Universal matter whereof they among other Parts of the Universe consisted, was actually divided into little particles of several sizes and shapes variously mov d. ... 

Newton realized that there was only one solution to this problem in a static universe, matter had to be uniformly spread throughout an infinitely large space. In 1826, Heinrich Olbers published a paper containing what is known as 01bers paradox such a universe would lead to a perpetually bright sky on earth. 

In this chapter, I cover the two basic components of the universe — matter and energy. I examine the different states of matter and what happens when matter goes from one state to another. I show you how the metric system is used to make matter and energy measurements, and I examine the different types of energy and see how energy is measured. 

In 1675, Lemery published [145] The Course of Chemistry , which had an enormous impact on its progress because it finally relinquished most references to occult qualities. For Boyle in his time-honored Sceptical Chemist (1661), the consequence of mechanist atomism was that all chemical bodies, whether we could resolve them or not, were produced by different textures of a catholic or universal matter, i.e. an arrangement of particles without qualities would be responsible for what we call properties (characteristic qualities). Boyle s definition that holds as 1 now mean by elements certain primitive and simplest bodies, or perfectly unmingled bodies, which not being made of any other bodies, or of one another, are the ingredients of which all those called perfectly mixt bodies are immediately compounded, and into which they are ultimately resolved and was later known as a negative empirical concept enabling modern definition of the element. 

J. Sestak The Role of Order and Disorder in Thermal Science Part 1. Heat and Society and Part II. Universe, Matter and Society as invited papers in J. Mining Metal. (Bor, former Yugoslavia) 38(2002)1 and 39(2003)1. 

As it is known, in the Universe, matter exists in four different states from the molecular interrelations point of view, namely solid, liquid, gas and plasma Simply speaking, plasma is a kind of ionized gas, into which sufficient energy is provided to free electrons from atoms or molecules and to allow both species, ions and electrons, to coexist. Generally, the plasma state can be divided into two main types (Fig. 1) low-temperature plasma - that is the state in which only a part of gas molecules is ionized and the gas is a mixture of electrons, ions, free radicals, excided and neutral molecules - and high-temp>erature plasma, in which all atoms are fully ionized. The latter type of plasma can be foimd, for example, in... 

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