United Kingdom Europe

While it is appropriate to record the special efforts of local colleagues there are also wider influences contributing to the enthusiasm for writing about this area. Colleagues in the Unites States, notably Joe O Leary and Alastair Morrison, have been good friends, interested observers and at times partners in the author s work. A set of colleagues in Asia, the United Kingdom, Europe and Africa have helped the author maintain an interest in the usefulness and diverse applicability of tourist behaviour across cultures. 

Neal (14), and Bertolacini (15). Similar standardization groups have since been formed in Japan, United Kingdom, Europe, and the Soviet Union. Twenty-five standards have been developed by the American Society for Testing Materials Committee D-32--Catalysts including tests for attrition, crush strength, particle size distribution, and vibrated apparent packing density (16). 

Paignave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. 

As with synchrotron x-rays, neutron diffraction facilities are available at only a few major research institutions. There are research reactors with diffraction facilities in many countries, but the major ones are in North America, Europe and Australia. The are fewer spallation sources, but there are major ones in the United States and the United Kingdom. 

Total consumption of TiF in both the United States and Europe is less than 500 kg/yr. TiF is available from Advance Research Chemicals, Inc., Aldrich, Aesar, Johnson/Matthey, Cerac, PCR, and Pfalt2 Bauer of the United States, Fluorochem of the United Kingdom, and Schuchardt of Germany. Its 1993 price varied between 300 to 400/kg. 

In Western Europe, the CPC producers are equally varied. The following is a partial Hst of the larger companies with total CPC production capacity (10 t) at all sites shown in parentheses Atochem SA (148.5, Prance and Spain), Hoescht AG (102.0, Germany), KaH-Chemie AG (66.0, Germany and Spain), Montefluos SpA (100.0, Italy), and ICI Chemicals and Polymers Ltd. (>113.6, United Kingdom). These producers account for over 80% of the Western European CPC production. 

Procedures for the collection of whole blood are similar throughout the world. An interval from at least 8 weeks (United States) to 12 weeks (United Kingdom) is required between a donation of 450 mL blood, which yields about 250 mL plasma. In some countries a smaller volume of blood is collected, eg, 350—400 mL in Italy, Greece, and Turkey and as Httie as 250 mL in some Asian countries (147). Regulations concerning plasmapheresis donations vary more widely across the world eg, up to 300 mL of plasma can be taken in Europe in contrast to 1000 mL in the United States, both on a weekly basis. Consequentiy, both the mode of donation and the country in which it is given can have a profound effect on plasma collection (Table 6). 

Consumption in the fmit drink/nectar market varies widely from country to country. In the United States juice consumption is 73% vs only 27% for drink/nectar consumption. In Japan the reverse is tme with drink/nectar accounting for 73% of the market. In the United Kingdom, 80% of the market is derived from fmit juice, but in Europe as a whole, drink/nectar outsells pure juice by 30% (12). 

In Europe, 1. G. Earbenindustrie decided to develop nylon-6 that had been synthesized from S-caprolactam using an aminocaproic acid catalyst (1) and commercially introduced as Pedon L in 1940 (11,12). 1. G. Earbenindustrie had evaluated over 3000 polyamide constituents without finding an improvement over nylon-6 and nylon-6,6 (13). In Italy, Societa Rhodiaceta started making nylon-6,6 in 1939. In the United Kingdom, ICl and Courtaulds formed British Nylon Spinners in 1940 and started to manufacture nylon-6,6 in 1941. 

Work had gone on in both the United States and Europe, notably at Du Pont and ICI Ltd. in the United Kingdom, on exploring the whole series of alkylene terephthalate polymers in connection with new synthetic fibers. Poly(l,4-butylene terephthalate) (PBT) was investigated in detail, as it had very... 

Applications. In 1994, approximately 675,000 metric tons of amorphous precipitated sihca were manufactured for sale (38,62). Degussa, J. M. Huber, and PPG in the United States and in Europe, and Akzo (Germany), Aluflour (Sweden), Crosfield (United Kingdom), Nippon Sihca (Japan), Rhc ne-Poulenc (France), Shionogi (Japan), Tokuyama Soda (Japan), and Vitro PQ (Mexico) are the primary producers. 

Deposits of celestite in Gloucestershire, the United Kingdom, represented the main source of the world supply from 1884 to 1941 and provided up to 90% of the world strontium supply (4). During World War II, shipments to the United States and Western Europe from the United Kingdom were dismpted, and celestite deposits in Mexico and Spain were developed. 

In the United States creosote specification AWPA PI/89 is intended for the treatment of timber for land and fresh-water use, and the heavier grade AWPA P13/89 for the preservation of marine piling and timber. In the United Kingdom a British Standard Specification, BS. 144/90, Part 1, specifies three grades of creosote two for pressure impregnation and one for bmshing appHcation. The standards of the West European Institute for Wood Preservation (WEI) are often used in Europe. 

Naphthalene. Until the 1960s, the principal outlet for naphthalene was the production of phthaHc anhydride however, more recently, o-xylene has replaced naphthalene as the preferred feedstock (see Phthalic acids). Nevertheless, of the 201,000 t produced in 1994 in Japan, 73.2% was used for phthaHc anhydride production. The rest was consumed in dye stuffs manufacture and a wide variety of other uses. Naphthalene is also used to produce phthaHc anhydride in the United Kingdom, Belgium, and the C2ech RepubHc, and can be used by Koppers in the United States in time of o-xylene shortages. In Europe, the traditional uses for naphthalene have been for the manufacture of P-naphthol and for dye stuff intermediates (see Dyes and dye... 

Vinylidene chloride monomer is produced commercially in the United States by The Dow Chemical Company and PPG Industries. The monomer is produced in Europe by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., in the United Kingdom Badische Anilin und Soda Eabnk and Chemische Werk Hbls in Germany Solvay S.A. and Amaco et Compagnie in Erance and The Dow Chemical Company in the Netherlands. The monomer is produced in Japan by the Asahi Chemical Company, Kureha Chemical Industries, and Kanto Denka Kogyo Company. 

Until 1960, coal was the source material for almost all benzene produced in Europe. Petroleum benzene was first produced in Europe by the United Kingdom in 1952, by Erance in 1958, by the Eederal Republic of Germany in 1961, and by Italy in 1962. Coal has continued to decline as a benzene source in Europe, and this is evident with the closure of coke ovens in Germany (73). Most of the benzene produced in Europe is now derived from petroleum or pyrolysis gasoline. In Europe, pyrolysis gasoline is a popular source of benzene because European steam crackers mn on heavier feedstocks than those in the United States (73). 

The natural ore is quarried or mined ia many areas of North America and Europe. Treading North American regions iaclude Canada, Mexico, and ia the United States, California, Texas, Nevada, Iowa, Kansas, Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan. In Europe, Erance, Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom, and Russia have significant deposits of natural gypsum, as does Germany. 

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