Unintended effects of

Side effect Any unintended effect of a pharmaceutical product occurring at doses normally used in man which is related to the pharmacological properties of the drug. 

Adverse drug reaction is an undesired or unintended effect of the drug, occurs at dose normally used by human being. The adverse drug reaction requires treatment or decrease in dose if it is due to poisoning or overdose. 

Maciel (117) described the formation of the trityl cation 16 on silica-alumina in a 1984 symposium in retrospect it is surprising that no one followed up on this work until much later. 16 easily forms from triphenylcar-binol and other precursors in solutions of modest acid strength. The early observation of such an easy cation had the unintended effect of suggesting that real carbenium ions would not so easily be detected in NMR studies of solid acids. Over a decade elapsed before we characterized the rert-butyl cation on A1C13 powder (43). 

The APA has also been busy trying to dampen, and even to obliterate, the effects of the FDA black-box warnings. A June 2007 editorial in the association s American Journal of Psychiatry (Pfeffer, 2007) lamented, these policy actions may have had the unintended effect of discouraging the prescription of antidepressants for pediatric patients and pediatric utilization of antidepressants without compensatory increases in other specific treatments (p. 845). What was the purpose of warning about suicidality, if not to discourage the use of antidepressants ... 

The benzodiazepines are used to treat anxiety and insomnia, but they can have the unintended effects of disinhibition, rage, hostility, depression, mania, paranoia, hallucinations, nightmares, and amnesia. 

A side-effect is an unintended effect of a medicine. Normally it is undesirable but it could be beneficial (e.g. an anxiolytic effect from a beta-blocker prescribed for hypertension). 

In addition, it is possible for a case to be medically judged as serious even if none of the above criteria are met (see p. 4). Side-effect An unintended effect of a medicine (see p. 15). Signal An alert requiring further investigation from any available data source that a drug may be associated with a previously unrecognised hazard. The term is also used when there is new evidence that a known hazard may be quantitatively (e.g. more frequent) or qualitatively (e.g. more serious) different from what was previously known (see p. 44). 

The crowd situation offers, par excellence, the opportunity for police intervention to have the unintended effect of solidifying the opposition. Such solidification and polarization takes place not simply in the face of attack, but attack that is perceived as harsh, indiscriminate and unfair. Even if the attack was not like this, the ambiguity of the crowd situation offered the maximum possible opportunity for rumours of such police action to spread. In the same way that the Mods and Rockers were perceived symbolically and stereotypically by the police, the police too were perceived by the crowd as the enemy . Here was a Punch and Judy show, with each side having a partially false perspective on the other and each acting in order to justify this perspective. 

Before providing a brief summary of this chapter, two footnotes should be added to my argument about the unintended effects of the societal reaction. 

In view of the above case, it is possible that Alexios Komnenos had begun to perceive unintended effects of earlier Byzantine legislation to protect orphans. His laws to limit the legal privileges of orphans in certain cases might represent an attempt to trim back such unintended effects so as to make guardianship laws just and fair for both wards and tutors. 

The metabolic profiling of tomato using H NMR spectroscopy has been applied in order to detect the unintended effects of the introduction of two maize transcription factors (LC and Cl) inducing the accumulation of flavonols (Le Gall et al, 2003) and in another study to identify the effects on tomato fruits engineered to accumulate spermine and spermidine (Mattoo et al, 2006). 

Defemez M, Colquhoun IJ (2004) NMR approaches to detect unintended effects of genetic modification in plants. In Nap J P H, Atanassov A and Stiekema W J (ed) Genomics for biosafety in plant biotechnology, NATO science series, lOS press. 

The implementation of safety countermeasures generally does not occur in a vacuum. Addressing or fixing one problem within a system has the potential to lead to different problems (i.e., unintended consequences , or in some contexts referred to as blowback ). As described by Norton (2008), unintended consequences refer to unanticipated or unintended effects of actions, interventions, and countermeasures. These unintended consequences can result from behavioural adaptation (Young et al., 2002) that is, changes in behaviour, in response to a countermeasure that increases risk (i.e., unintended consequence). 

Since an RTL design can be implemented in a variety of ways on the gate level, the number of test vectors grows exponentially during verification. Any unintended effect of synthesis or timing optimization can insert a design error affecting a part of the circuit, and thus manifest itself with a few combinations of values on the inputs. 

The purpose of molecular characterisation is to inform the risk/safety assessment of plants derived from modem biotechnology. Such characterisation provides knowledge at the molecular level of the inserted DNA within the plant genome, the insertion site and the expressed material (ribonucleic acid [RNA] and proteins), and may provide information on intended and possible unintended effects of the transformation. Molecular characterisation of the genotype contributes to a rigorous assessment of the potential impacts of transformation on the food, feed and environmental risk/safety of a recombinant-DNA plant. It assists in the prediction of the phenotype and the phenotype will ultimately determine whether the recombinant-DNA plant poses any risk/safety concerns. ... 

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