Unhydrolyzed

A higher glycol yield (approximately 94%) than from the ethylene oxide process is anticipated. However, there are certain problems inherent in the Oxirane process such as corrosion caused hy acetic acid and the incomplete hydrolysis of the acetates. Also, the separation of the glycol from unhydrolyzed monoacetate is hard to accomplish. 

G.L. Griffith W.L. Schwoyer, USP 3457128 (1969) CA 71, 72517 (1969). Particulate self-explosive nitrated materials, such as Nitro-starch, PETN, TNT,.and their mixts, can be made relatively safe to handle and transport thru formation of a uniform nongelled aq slurry containing 10—50% water and 0.5—10% partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide suspending agent having 0.1—50% free acid, and = 50% unhydrolyzed amide groups, and a mw of 1,000,GOO-... 

Due to the two electron-donating groups in the bicyclic product 150 and the unhydrolyzed precursor of 148, they should be quite reactive dienes in Diels-Alder reactions. However, such [4+2] cycloadditions were observed only for the cyclohexane-annelated cyclopentadienes 151b, which equilibrate with the more reactive isomers 154 by 1,5-hydrogen shifts (Scheme 33). The [4+2] cycload-... 

The mechanisms by which Pu(IV) is oxidized in aquatic environments is not entirely clear. At Oak Ridge, laboratory experiments have shown that oxidation occurs when small volumes of unhydrolyzed Pu(IV) species (i.e., Pu(IV) in strong acid solution as a citric acid complex or in 45 percent Na2Coj) are added to large volumes of neutral-to-alkaline solutions(23). In repeated experiments, the ratios of oxidized to reduced species were not reproducible after dilution/hydrolysis, nor did the ratios of the oxidation states come to any equilibrium concentrations after two months of observation. These results indicate that rapid oxidation probably occurs at some step in the hydrolysis of reduced plutonium, but that this oxidation was not experimentally controllable. The subsequent failure of the various experimental solutions to converge to similar high ratios of Pu(V+VI)/Pu(III+IV) demonstrated that the rate of oxidation is extremely slow after Pu(IV) hydrolysis reactions are complete. 

Impurities consist of unreacted material, including alkanes and internal or branched alkenes, and other material which can be detected in the neutral oil fraction of AOS. Examination of this fraction also indicates the amount of unhydrolyzed material (sulfonate esters and sultones) and byproducts (secondary alcohols, unsaturated and 2-chloro-y-sultones) in the sample. Salt calculations are made to determine inorganic sulfates and sodium chloride. Determinations for alkalinity, color, and water are required to meet product... 

For the first non electrostatic term, such a dependence can be calculated from the classical Flory theory and the value of the theta temperature of unhydrolyzed polyacrylamide ( 0 = 265°K (22))... 

In fact this "unhydrolyzed" polyacrylamide sample is slightly charged and its low polyectrolyte character is confirmed by a slight difference of red values at pH 7 and 5, for salt free solutions. A really neutral polymer should be necessary to differentiate low effects of electrostatic interactions from non ionic interactions. coordination binding at low pH and hydrogen bonds at pH 7. Nevertheless, at this pH, the adsorption of the chain on Al(0H)3 aggregates can probably be considered as the main origin of the loss of viscosity. 

Copolymer (unhydrolyzed) Copolymer for an equal Molecular Wt Number H O 1 M HNO H20 1 M HNO Poly(l -amidoethylene)a... 

In order to elucidate the causes of the increased stability of the hydrolyzed cluster ions compared with the unhydrolyzed ions, further studies were made of the behaviour of [Te2X8]3 (where X = Cl,Br, or I) in solutions of hydrogen halides [43,52,80,87]. The studies were performed mainly in relation to the most stable and most readily synthesized [Tc2C18]3- ion (Fig. la) kinetic methods with optical recording were employed. The identity of the reaction products was in most cases confirmed by their isolation in the solid phase. The studies showed that the stability of the [Tc2X8]3 ions (where X = Cl, Br, or I) in aqueous solutions is determined by the sum of competing processes acid hydrolysis complex formation with subsequent disproportionation and dissociation of the M-M bonds, and oxidative addition of atmospheric oxygen to the Tc-Tc multiple bond. 

Fig. 2.29 Reaction mechanism on acetalization of cyclohexanone within unhydrolyzed mesoporous silica materials. Adapted from [107], W. Otani et al., Chem. Eur.J. 2007, 73, 1731-1736.

Mechanism 3 involves NiOH in at least three reactions, and Ni(OH)2 as the active Ni reactant in solution. Since increasing the concentration of the complex-ant(s) in solution will reduce the concentration of both unhydrolyzed and hydrolyzed metal ions, arguments of complexation cannot be readily employed to either support or discount this mechanism. However, it has been this author s experience in formulating electroless Co-P solutions with various complexants for Co2+ that improper complexation which results in even a faint precipitate of hydrolyzed cobalt ions yields an inactive electroless Co-P solution. Furthermore, anodic oxidation of hypo-phosphite at Ni anodes does not proceed at a significant rate under conditions where the surface is most probably covered with a passive film of nickel oxide [48], e.g. NiO.H20, which would be expected to oxidize the reducing agent via a cyclic redox mechanism. 

Lignin may be defined as the incrusting material of the plant which is built up mainly, if not entirely, of phenylpropane building stones it carries the major part of the methoxyl content of the wood it is unhydrolyzable by acids readily oxidizable, soluble in hot alkali and bisulfite, and readily condenses with phenols and thio compounds (14). 

The end test is performed with about 0.5 ml. of solution, which is neutralized with dilute hydrochloric acid and treated with 3-5 drops of 10% ethanolic ferric chloride. A reddish brown color denotes the presence of unhydrolyzed formyl ketone. 

The effect on /3-glucosidase activity of substitution in the glucon has been carefully investigated by the school of Helferich. It has been established that substitution of the hydroxyl groups at C2, C3 and C4 renders the /3-D-glucopyranoside unhydrolyzable (i.e., E.V. less than 10 s) by almond emulsin. This refers to phenyl 3-methyl-/3-D-gluco-pyranoside,29 phenyl 2,4,6-trimethyl-/3-D-glucopyranoside89 and to the... 

The same holds for substitution at C3 and C5 of the fructofuranose moiety of sucrose neither melezitose (XV)61 nor o-D-glucopyranosyl-/3-D-xyloketofuranoside (XVIc)22 is hydrolyzed by yeast saccharase. As might have been expected from the experience with glycosidases, any change in the configuration of the fructon of sucrose results in stereoisomers unhydrolyzable by /3-fructofuranosidase. Thus, methyl and benzyl a-D-fructofuranosides,62 isosucrose (= /3-D-glucopyranosyl-a-D-fructo-... 

The reverse microemulsion method can be used to manipulate the size of silica nanoparticles [25]. It was found that the concentration of alkoxide (TEOS) slightly affects the size of silica nanoparticles. The majority of excess TEOS remained unhydrolyzed, and did not participate in the polycondensation. The amount of basic catalyst, ammonia, is an important factor for controlling the size of nanoparticles. When the concentration of ammonium hydroxide increased from 0.5 (wt%) to 2.0%, the size of silica nanoparticles decreased from 82 to 50 nm. Most importantly, in a reverse microemulsion, the formation of silica nanoparticles is limited by the size of micelles. The sizes of micelles are related to the water to surfactant molar ratio. Therefore, this ratio plays an important role for manipulation of the size of nanoparticles. In a Triton X-100/n-hexanol/cyclohexane/water microemulsion, the sizes of obtained silica nanoparticles increased from 69 to 178 nm, as the water to Triton X-100 molar ratio decreased from 15 to 5. The cosurfactant, n-hexanol, slightly influences the curvature of the radius of the water droplets in the micelles, and the molar ratio of the cosurfactant to surfactant faintly affects the size of nanoparticles as well. 

In the above experiments with polyleucines it was also observed that the partial hydrolysis of mixtures of nonhomochiral leudne peptides led to the preferential hydrolysis of those components of the mixtures that were enantiomerically more random. This produced a corresponding e.e. enrichment in the unhydrolyzed polymer. [96] For example, when the above polyleudne sample having an i > d e.e. of 45.4% was 27% hydrolyzed, the residual unhydrolyzed polymer had an e.e. of 55.0%, representing an e.e. increase of 9.6%. 

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