Understanding actively caring

Actively caring is planned and purposeful behavior, directed at environment, person, or behavior factors. It is reactive or proactive and direct or indirect. Direct, proactive, and behavior-focused active caring is most challenging, but it is usually most important for large-scale injury prevention. This chapter discusses conditions and situations that inhibit actively caring behavior. We need to understand why people resist opportunities to actively care for safety. Then, we can develop interventions to increase this desired behavior which is critical for achieving a Total Safety Culture. 

Section 4 of this Handbook addresses the need to increase actively caring behavior throughout a culture and to get the maximum safety and health benefits from this type of behavioral intervention. Psychologists have identified conditions and individual diarac-teristics (or person states) that influence people s willingness to actively care for the safety or health of others. I shall present these and link them to practical things we can do to increase the occurrence of active caring. 

In Section 4,1 presented techniques that actively caring intervention agents could use to increase safe behaviors and reduce at-risk behaviors. I propose we practice systematic and purposeful acts of kindness to keep other people safe and healthy We clearly need more of this in our society. Before examining ways to increase actively caring behaviors, though, it is necessary to define the concept more precisely and objectively. 

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The FDA activities are complex, challenging, science-based, and continually changing to meet societal needs and expectations. This article provides a brief overview of these activities, with the understanding that careful study and analysis may be needed to fully understand and adhere to the science, technical and legal conditions that underlie the FDA s actions. Many articles and books have been published delineating the FDA s statutory and regulatory mandates, to which the reader is referred. The FDA s web page at http //www.fda.gov also provides additional useful information. 

In addition to maintaining a current reference standard, retention of samples from several lots manufactured by each production scheme or scale is highly recommended. An early and thorough characterization of the mAh or RTP, including physico-chemical characteristics, specificity and potency, is useful to understand attributes that are critical for its in-vivo activity. Careful consideration in maintaining these particular attributes when designing man-... 

This diagram is worth careful thought. It illustrates several things that are useful in understanding activities, chemical potentials, and standard states, such as the absolute nature of chemical potentials and the necessity of using differences, the equality of chemical potentials in each phase, and the arbitrary nature of the standard state. To further illustrate the la.st point, suppose we choose a new energy level for the standard state more or less at random, such that (/xa — when Xa is 0.5 is 5000 cal mol" . This implies a value of oa of 10 and this in turn defines the physical... 

This diagram is worth careful thought. It illustrates several things that are useful in understanding activities, chemical potentials, and standard states, such as the absolute nature of chemical potentials and the necessity of using differences, the equality of chemical potentials in each phase, and the arbitrary nature of the standard state. 

Imagine a workplace where everyone coaches each other about the safest way to perform a job. When workers depend on others in this way to improve safety, they understand teamwork. They appreciate how everyone s safe and at-risk behavior influences the safety of everyone else. With this interdependent attitude, they re willing to use behavior-based coaching to actively care for their coworkers. 

Psychologists have determined factors that influence the probability of actively caring behavior in emergencies, and the results are relevant for both environment-focused and behavior-focused actively caring. Understanding the conditions that lead to an increase or decrease in reactive caring behavior can help us find ways to facilitate proactive caring for safety. 

A decision model developed by Latane and Darley helps us understand why we do not see more actively caring behavior. Before we step in, either reactively or proactively, we presumably make five sequential decisions. 

The psychology of safety requires us to consider both external behavior and internal person factors. Chapter 15 focused on the role of person states in influencing people to actively care for another person s safety and health. Chapter 16 showed how outside factors can be manipulated to influence these person states and, thus, increase actively caring behavior. A Total Safety Culture requires integrating both behavior-based and person-based psychology. The next several principles focus on understanding "inside" factors. 

This Handbook is for you—Rick Moreno—and the many others who want to understand the psychology of safety and reduce personal injuries. Hopefully, this material will be used as a source of principles and procedures that you can return to for guidance and benchmarks along your innovative journey toward building a safer culture of more actively caring people. 

Warnings are noted in the literature to be careful in the interpretation of data from electrochemical techniques applied to systems in which complex and often poorly understood effects are derived from surfaces which contain active or viable organisms, and so forth. Rather, it is even more important to not use such test protocol unless the investigator fuhy understands both the corrosion mechanism and the test technique being considered—and their interrelationship. 

Gas phase olefin polymerizations are becoming important as manufacturing processes for high density polyethylene (HOPE) and polypropylene (PP). An understanding of the kinetics of these gas-powder polymerization reactions using a highly active TiCi s catalyst is vital to the careful operation of these processes. Well-proven models for both the hexane slurry process and the bulk process have been published. This article describes an extension of these models to gas phase polymerization in semibatch and continuous backmix reactors. 

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