Muscle ultrastructure

Eisenberg, B.R. (1983). Quantitative ultrastructure of mammalian skeletal muscle. In Handbook of Physiology, Section 10, Skeletal Muscle (Peachey, L.D., Adrian, R.H., Geiger, S.R., eds.) American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD. 

Although clinical examination provides important clues to diagnosis of congenital myopathies, ultrastructural and histochemical examination of muscle biopsies provides the key to definitive identification. Most of the congenital myopathies... 

Muscle biopsy is usually undertaken to confirm the provisional clinical diagnosis. Because the skin lesions normally precede those in muscle, biopsies of muscle taken early may show little abnormality. Inflammatory foci may be scanty or absent and muscle fiber diameters may be normal. However typical biopsies show discrete foci of inflammatory cells, with a predominance of B-lymphocytes (see Figure 18). These cells are situated in perimysial connective tissue rather than in the en-domysium and are often also perivascular in location. Muscle fiber necrosis occurs in JDM but muscle fibers do not appear to be the primary target of the disordered immune process. Rather, it is the micro vasculature of the muscle which appears to degenerate first and muscle necrosis is preceded by capillary necrosis, detectable at the ultrastructural level. 

Muscle biopsy with full histochemical and ultrastructural investigation is necessary for the confirmation of a diagnosis of IBM. The inclusions which are the hallmark of this disorder are to be found in three locations (a) basophilic granular inclusions are found at the periphery of vacuoles within the cytoplasm of muscle fibers (b) eosinophilic hyaline inclusions are also found in the cytoplasm but are not associated with vacuoles and (c) intranuclear inclusions consisting of aggregates of filamentous microtubules are found in a variable percentage of muscle nuclei. Inclusions of the first two types are visible at light microscope level, whereas the third type is detectable at the electron microscope level only. Ultrastructural... 

Biopsy findings show disseminated muscle fiber atrophy which is confined to type 2 fibers, in many instances with type 2B (glycolytic) fibers most affected (Figure 23). Muscle necrosis is not seen, though at ultrastructural level focal myofibrillar disruption and myofilament loss may be evident. The muscle atrophy seems to be due to decreased protein synthesis, and at high doses, to increased catabolism. The reason for the selective effect on phasic, glycolytic fibers is not clear since, although steroids interfere with carbohydrate metabolism and oxidative capacity, there seems to be no overall effect on ATP levels. Nevertheless it has been... 

Patterson, S. and Klenerman, L. (1979). The effect of pneumatic tourniquets on the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle. J. Bone Joint Surg. 61B, 178-183. 

Sakr, S.A. and S.A. Gabr. 1992. Ultrastructural changes induced by diazinon and neopybuthrin in skeletal muscles of Tilapia nilotica. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 48 467-473. 

Nixon GF, Mignery GA, Somlyo AV 1994 Immunogold localization of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and characterization of ultrastructural features of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in phasic and tonic smooth muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 15 682-700 Peng H, Matchkov V, Ivarsen A, Aalkjaer C, Nilsson H 2001 Hypothesis for the initiation of vasomotion. CircRes 88 810-815... 

Somlyo AP 1985 Excitation-contraction coupling and the ultrastructure of smooth muscle. Circ Res 57 497-507... 

FIG. 4. Ultrastructure of vascular smooth muscle of the rabbit inferior vena cava revealed with electron microscopy. Serial cross-sections of VSMCs are shown in series 1 (panel A—D) and series 2 (panel E—G). Series 1 illustrates the close spatial apposition between the superficial SR sheet and the PM with the apices of the caveolae perforating through the superficial SR sheets to come into contact with the bulk cytoplasm. The membranes of the PM (dotted line) and the SR (solid line) in panel A-D are outlined to the right of the respective panels. The close apposition between the superficial SR sheet, the PM and the neck region of the caveolae creates a narrow and expansive restricted space. Series 2 illustrates the perpendicular sheets of SR, which appear to arise from the superficial SR sheets. Mitochondria also come into close contact with the perpendicular SR sheets. Panel H contains a stylized illustration of the close association between the superficial SR sheet, which is continuous with the perpendicular sheet, the perforating caveolae (C), the PM and a mitochondrion (M). Panel I shows calyculin-A mediated dissociation of the superficial SR sheets from the PM (see arrows). The black scale bar indicated represents 200 nm of distance. 

Sitsapesan R, Williams AJ 2000 Do inactivation mechanisms rather than adaptation hold the key to understanding ryanodine receptor channel gating J Gen Physiol 116 867-872 Somlyo AP 1985 Excitation-contraction coupling and the ultrastructure of smooth muscle. Circ Res 57 497-507... 

Martinez AJ, Taylor JR, Dyck PJ, etal. 1978. Chlordecone intoxication in man II. Ultrastructure of peripheral nerves and skeletal muscle. Neurology 28 631-635. 

Phillips DE, Eroschenko VP. 1985b. Effect of the insecticide chlordecone on the ultrastructure of mouse skeletal muscle. Neurotoxicology 6(3) 45-52. 

Labeit, S. Kolmerer, B. (1995) Utins giant proteins in charge of muscle ultrastructure and elasticity. Science 270, 293-296. 

At the ultrastructural level, flatworm muscle resembles smooth muscle with individual, non-striated myofibrils being delimited by the sarcolemma and interconnected by gap junctions. Also, flatworm muscles lack a T-tubule system that is characteristic of striated muscle in other animal groups. The contractile portion of flatworm myofibrils contains thick myosin and thin actin filaments that connect with the sarcolemma via attachment plaques or desmo-somes. Actomyosin cross-bridges have been reported and where overlap has been observed, ratios that vary from 9 1 to 12 1 have been observed. Although flatworm muscle is mostly non-striated, pseudo-striated (e.g. in the tail of schistosome cercariae Dorsey et al., 2002 Mair et al., 2003) and obliquely striated (e.g. tentacular bulb of the trypanorhynch, Crillotia eri-naceus Ward et al., 1986) muscles have been reported. It is presumed that the role played by these structures has demanded the development... 

Ward, S.M., McKerr, G. and Allen, J.M. (1986) Structure and ultrastructure of muscle systems within Grillotia erinaceus metacestodes (Cestoda Trypanorhyncha). Parasitology 93, 587-597. 

Plakins are not the only proteins that tether IFs to the cell surface. A number of other proteins localized to cell surface structures including desmosomes, focal contacts, and muscle costameres also contribute to IF anchorage at plasma membranes. IFs may also associate with cell surface receptors outside of ultrastructurally distinct structures, a topic that will be dealt with below. 

Kuboki, M Ishii, H Kazama, M., 1990, Characterization of calpain I-binding proteins in human erythrocyte plasma membrane, J. Biochem., 107, 776-780 Kuboki, M., Ishii, H., and Kazama, M., 1987, Procalpcdn is activated on the plasma membrane and the calpain acts on the membrane, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 929, 164—172 Labeit, S., Kolmerer, B., 1995, Titins giant proteins in charge of muscle ultrastructure and elasticity, Science, 270, 293-296... 

Haimoto H, Kato K. 1988. SlOOaO (alpha alpha) protein in cardiac muscle. Isolation from human cardiac muscle and ultrastructural localization. Eur J Biochem 171(l-2) 409-415. 

The present volume covers Muscle and Molecular Motors . The first few chapters describe the ultrastructures of striated muscles and of various muscle filaments (myosin, actin, titin), they discuss the regulation of muscle contractile activity, and they explore the mechanism of force production and movement. The book then sets out to survey other kinds of motor systems microtubules and their interactions with both microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) and the motor proteins kinesin and dynein, the major sperm protein in nematodes, the rotary ATPases driven by or driving proton gradients, and the action of motor enzymes, polymerases, on nucleic acids. The aim throughout is to explore different molecular mechanisms of motor action in order to identify common themes. 

Bennett, P., Craig, R., Starr, R., and Offer, G. (1986). The ultrastructural location of C-protein, X-protein and H-protein in rabbit muscle. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 7, 550-567. 

Luther, P. K., and Squire, J. M. (2002). Muscle Z-band ultrastructure Titin Z-repeats and Z-band periodicities do not match./. Mol. Biol. 319, 1157-1164. 

Reedy, M. K. (1968). Ultrastructure of insect flight muscle. I. Screw sense and structural grouping in the rigor cross-bridge lattice./. Mol. Biol. 31, 155-176. 

Luther, P. K., and Squire, J. M. (1980). Three-dimensional structure of the vertebrate muscle A-band. II. The myosin filament superlattice./. Mol. Biol. 141, 409-439. Luther, P. K., and Squire, J. M. (2002). Muscle Z-band ultrastructure Titin Z-repeats and Z-band periodicities do not match./. Mol. Biol. 319, 1157-1164. 

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