U-butanol

Solutions of adrenochrome in the lower alphatic alcohols decompose rapidly in these cases the disappearance of the adrenochrome absorption maximum in the visible region is accompanied by the appearance of the characteristic yellow-green adrenolutin fluorescence and a definite adrenolutin absorption maximum at 405 m/x appears.112 The rate of rearrangement in methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, and u-butanol was about 10 times as fast as in water.112 Feldstein had previously reported that adrenochrome solutions in methanol were less stable than those in water or physiological saline.125... 

The highest volume oxo chemical in the United States, n-butyraldehyde, is converted mainly into u-butanol, employed chiefly to produce butyl acrylate and methacrylate. In contrast, the principal -butyraldehyde derivative in Europe and Japan is 2-ethylhexanol, the precursor to the polyi vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticizer, DOP. 

Similarly, the recovery of u-butanol from a fermentation broth has been investigated by in situ extraction using [OMIMJfPFe] [34],... 

The impact of the extraction conditions using various solvents on the recoveries has never been studied in detail, and the results have nevCT been compared. The introduction of modem extraction methods, such as microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and solid-phase extraction, probably will improve the efficiency of extraction, even in the instance of unstable pigments and pigment mixtures. The majority of TLC separations were carried out on traditional sUica layers. As the chemical stmctures and, consequently, the retention characteristics of pigments are highly different, a wide variety of eluent systems has been employed for their separation, consisting of light petroleum, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, benzene, toluene, chloroform, methanol, u-butanol, formic or acetic acid, and so forth. 

Solvent/nonsolvent Benzene/ acetone, benzene/ u-butanol,... 

Dissove 0.93 g aniline and 1.66 g phthalic acid in 100 ml of u-butanol saturated with water. Spray and heat to 105°C for 10 min... 

B. u-Butanol-methanol-water-ethanol-acetic acid (45 30 36 8 1) adjusted to pH 5.5 with 30% sodium hydroxide... 

Normal butyl alcohol, propyl carbinol, n-butanol, 1-buianol, CH3CH2CH2CH2OH. B.p. 117 C. Manufactured by reduction of crotonaldehyde (2-buienal) with H2 and a metallic catalyst. Forms esters with acids and is oxidized first to butanal and then to butanoic acid. U.S. production 1978 300 000 tonnes. 

C4H8O, CH3COCH2CH3. Colourless liquid with a pleasant odour, b.p. 80°C. It occurs with propanone in the products of the destructive distillation of wood. Manufactured by the liquid or vapour phase dehydrogenation of 2-butanol over a catalyst. Used as a solvent, particularly for vinyl and acrylic resins, and for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate, also for the dewaxing of lubricating oils. U.S. production 1978 300 000 tonnes. 

As of January 1, 1990, the total U.S. capacity of 1-butanol was 591,000 t per year. Capacity for an additional 545,000 t per year of -butyl alcohol is operated in Western Europe and Southeast Asia (10). 

Ethanol s use as a chemical iatemiediate (Table 8) suffered considerably from its replacement ia the production of acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, acetic acid, and ethyUiexanol. The switch from the ethanol route to those products has depressed demand for ethanol by more than 300 x 10 L (80 x 10 gal) siace 1970. This decrease reflects newer technologies for the manufacture of acetaldehyde and acetic acid, which is the largest use for acetaldehyde, by direct routes usiag ethylene, butane (173), and methanol. Oxo processes (qv) such as Union Carbide s Low Pressure Oxo process for the production of butanol and ethyUiexanol have totaUy replaced the processes based on acetaldehyde. For example, U.S. consumption of ethanol for acetaldehyde manufacture declined steadily from 50% ia 1962 to 37% ia 1964 and none ia 1990. Butadiene was made from ethanol on a large scale duriag World War II, but this route is no longer competitive with butadiene derived from petroleum operations. 

However the acid is prepared, the sodium salt may be prepared as described in U.S. Patent 3,503,967 Five liters of methylene chloride were added to a clean dry vessel equipped with stirrer. 7-[a(4-pyridylthio)acetamido] cephalosporanic acid (1,000 g) was added to the vessel, followed by 350 ml of triethylamine. The resultant solution was treated with decolorizing charcoal for 15 minutes and filtered. A solution of sodium-3-ethyl-hexanoate (27.3%) in butanol-methylene chloride was added to the filtrate with stirring. Seven thousand five hundred milliliters of acetone was added. Crystallization occurred while stirring was continued several hours under dry conditions. The crystals were collected by filtration, washed with large volumes of acetone, and then dried in vacuo at 50°C to yield about 950 g of the title compound. 

The oleoresin is obtained from turmeric powder by solvent extraction. Solvents approved for use by European Commission are ethylacetate, acetone, carbon dioxide, dichloromethane, n-butanol, methanol, ethanol, and hexane. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also authorized the use of mixtures of solvents that include those mentioned earlier plus isopropanol and trichloroethylene. After filtration the solvents must be completely removed from the oleoresin. 

Degradation of [U- " C]-MTBE and [U- " C]-tert-butanol was demonstrated within 105 d in laboratory micrososms containing stream sediments from a contaminated area (Bradley et al. 1994). 

Kostyanovsky and coworkers have demonstrated that prolonged reaction of N-acy 1 o x y- /V-a 1 k o x y u teas 90a in neat alcohols leads to displacement of acetate and formation of symmetrical and mixed /V,/V-dialkoxyureas 91a (Scheme 18).52 The reactions work with primary alcohols (MeOH, EtOH and PrOH) but 2-propanol required longer reaction times. Tert-butanol was unreactive, presumably for steric reasons. 

Der Versand von Nitrocellulose erfolgt in dicht verschlielJbaren Fas-sern Oder in Pappfassern mit Kunststoffsack, mit mindestens 25% Anfeuchtungsmittel (Wasser, Alkohol, Isopropanol, Butanol u. a.). 

Ramey D, Yang S-T. Production of Butyric Acid and Butanol from Biomass. U.S. Department of Energy Morgantown, WV, 2004. [accessed 15.07.06]. 

Figure 1.13 Liquid-liquid equilibria in the systems of [C CjIm][PFg] (1) + 1-butanol (2) Experimental points [C2Cilm][PFg] ( ), [C4Cilm][PFg] ( ), [CjCilmHPFJ (A), [CgCjlm][PFg] ( ), [CyCjlmjlPFg] (X), [CjCjlmjlPFg] (+), and boiling temperature of the solvent (dashed line). (Adapted from Domanska, U. and Marciniak A., /. Phys. Ghent. B, 108,2376,2004 Wu, C-T. et al., J. Ghent. Eng. Data, 48,486,2003.)...

Equation 4.1 describes the Rohrschneider-McReynolds system in terms of the five probes and their corresponding phase constants namely, benzene (X ), butanol (Y ), 2-pentanone (Z ), nitropropane (U ), and pyridine (S ) with the overall difference in the Kovats retention index (AI). 

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