Typical sensitivity curve

Figure 2. A typical sensitivity curve for a negative resist showing the relationship between the gel dose (D ), the sensitivity (Q), and the contrast (7).

FIGURE 16.3 Normalized film thickness plotted against log (dose) to produce typical sensitivity curves for (a) a positive- and (b) a negative-acting polymer resist. 

Figure 6.4 Typical sensitivity curves for negative and positive resists and for a positive resist ...

For technological reasons, the energy flux deposited at the wafer is low, so highly sensitive resists (o<10 mj/cm ) are required. A typical sensitivity curve of fluorinated polymethacrylate (FPB) in comparison to the curve of PMMA is shown in Figure 6.21. 

Being acidic, fluorocarbon ionomers can tolerate carbon dioxide in the mel and air streams PEFCs, therefore, are compatible with hydrocarbon fuels. However, the platinum catalysts on the fuel and air elec trodes are extremely sensitive to carbon monoxide only a few parts per million are acceptable. Catalysts that are tolerant to carbon monoxide are being explored. Typical polarization curves for PEFCs are shown in Fig. 27-64. 

Detection limits in ICPMS depend on several factors. Dilution of the sample has a lai e effect. The amount of sample that may be in solution is governed by suppression effects and tolerable levels of dissolved solids. The response curve of the mass spectrometer has a large effect. A typical response curve for an ICPMS instrument shows much greater sensitivity for elements in the middle of the mass range (around 120 amu). Isotopic distribution is an important factor. Elements with more abundant isotopes at useful masses for analysis show lower detection limits. Other factors that affect detection limits include interference (i.e., ambiguity in identification that arises because an elemental isotope has the same mass as a compound molecules that may be present in the system) and ionization potentials. Elements that are not efficiently ionized, such as arsenic, suffer from poorer detection limits. 

A typical assay curve (Fig. 1) illustrates the sensitivity and the usable growth range. 

Figure 4. Typical response or sensitivity curve for a negative electron resist. The value of Dg is obtained from Figure 3 and usually occurs at 0.5 - 0.7 normalized thickness.

Figure 5. Typical sensitivity or response curve for a positive electron resist. Positive resist response may also be plotted using other conventions (see...

Figure 5.5.10-2 compares the typical putative spectrums based on such a linear analysis, (3, y, p compared to the actual chromophores, Rhodonines 5, 7 9 [with Rhodonine(l 1) shown for completeness. It is not significant in human vision except for aphakic patients.] Hunt describes the (3,y p spectrums as probable sensitivity curves of the three types of cones. He did not discuss any rod spectrum in his figure. The probable sensitivity curves appear to have been normalized individually. The peak in the p spectrum appears to be at a longer wavelength than frequently suggested. However, it is still at too short a wavelength to support the known spectral response of the human eye as illustrated by the Photopic Luminosity Function. 

Figure 2. Typical glow curve for an ordinary chondrite meteorite (in this case Dhajala) showing how peak temperature (T), peak width (FWHM) and TL sensitivity (TL) are measured. TL sensitivity is the level of TL emitted at the peak divided by the same quantity for an arbitrarily chosen meteorite, Dhajala (14). (Reprinted by permission from ref, 14. Copyright 1983 American Geophysical Union.)...

Fig. 6. Typical PID curves for a-Si H drum (44 /zrr thick) "containing oxygen. Light (0.3 cm-2) of various wavelengths impinges on the photoreceptor after sensitizing with (a)...

Their lability to heat is one indication of the protein nature of enzymes, Another is their sensitivity to pH. All enzymes have one pH at which they work fastest, and slight shifts in pH away from this point bring sharp falls in catalytic activity. A typical pH curve for an enzyme is that of Figure 12, and it is plain that this effect is... 

While a typical standard curve for a discovery PK study would still be in the 1-10,000 ng/mL range, it is becoming more likely that one would need an assay in the 0.1-1000 ng/mL range. The reason is that test compounds are becoming more potent so that lower doses are being given (in some cases) to test animals in various efficacy assays. As stated above, this has not been an issue for the bioanalytical community because the triple quadrupole mass spectrometers have become more sensitive. 

Figure 5.7.7 shows a typical MR curve for our spin-valve material. Because it contains only two active magnetic layers, the effect is much smaller than that in GMR multilayers, but the slope at zero field is much steeper and so is the sensitivity of the device. To increase the magnitude of the effect, the whole stack can be doubled or mirrored (dual spin valve) and reflecting nano-oxide layers (NOL) can be included. These act as mirrors for the conduction electrons, which are specularly reflected (spin conservative) back into the magnetic layer. With these measures, effects of greater than 20% can be obtained [30]. 

These polymers are of potential interest as photoresists, and their photochemistry was also studied in very thin (1-4 pm) films which were spun cast on polished salt plates. After irradiation in a standard xenon arc photoilluminator, the loss of carbonyl could be determined from FTIR measurements. Experiments were carried out both at 254 nm (deep UV) and 313 nm (near UV). Typical rate curves are shown in Fig. 9. The results at 254 and 313 nm are qualitatively similar, in that the same order of relative sensitivity is observed. 

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