Turtle brain

Franceschini V., Lazzari M. and Ciani F. (1996). Identification of surface glycoconjugates in the olfactory system of turtle. Brain Res 725, 81-87. 

Most instructive is what happens to the same processes in 02-limited turtle liver cells. Under conditions of total anoxia, the ATP demand of protein turnover drops to less than 10% of normoxic rates urea biosynthesis drops to essentially zero, as does the biosynthesis of glucose (not unexpectedly, because a major role of the liver under anoxic conditions is to supply glucose for the rest of the body). Although the ATP requirements of the Na+-K+-ATPase are also drastically reduced, the suppression in percentage terms is less than for overall ATP turnover. As a result, under anoxic conditions, the Na+ pump becomes the cell s dominant energy sink, accounting for up to 75% of the ATP demand of the cell (Buck and Hochachka, 1993). In turtle brain these adjustments occur along with a measurable decrease in Na+-K+-... 

Chih, C.P, M. Rosenthal, P.L. Lutz, and T.J. Sick (1989). Relationships between aerobic and anaerobic energy production in turtle brain in situ. Am. J. Physiol. 257 R854-R859. 

Doll, C.J., P.W. Hochachka, and P.B. Reiner (1993). Reduced ionic conductance in turtle brain. Am. J. Physiol. 265 R929-R933. 

Lutz, P.L. and L. Manuel (1999). Maintenance of adenosine A1 receptor function during long-term anoxia in the turtle brain. Am. J. Physiol. 276 R633-R636. 

Neubauer, J.A., Melton, J.E., and Edelman, N.H. 1990. Modulation of respiration during breiin hypoxia. Journal of Applied Physiology 68 441-451 Nilsson, G.E. and Lutz, P.L. 1991. Release of inhibitory neurotransmitters in response to anoxia in turtle brain. The American Journal of Physiology (AJP) — Legacy 26LR32-R37 Owen, O.E., Morgan, A.P., Kemp, H.G., Sulhvan, J.M., Herrera, M.G., and Cahill, G.Rjr. 1967. 

Lutz PL, Edwards R, McMahon PM. Gamma-Aminobutyric acid concentrations ate maintained in anoxic turtle brain. Am J Physiol 1985 249 R372-R374. 

Hatanaka T. and Matsuzaki O. (1993). Odor responses of the vomeronasal system in Reeve s turtle, Geoclemys Reevesii. Brain Behav Evol 41, 183-186. 

Histaminergic neurons have been found in the hypothalamus or diencephalon of a variety of vertebrate brains, including those of fish, snake, turtle and bird. The brain histaminergic system of zebrafish has been studied in... 

Snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina Big River, Missouri (contaminated with lead mine tailings of 1000-3000 mg Pb/kg tailings) vs. reference site Blood Bone Brain Carapace Liver Muscle... 

Hylland, P., S. Milton, M. Pek, G.E. Nilsson, and P.L. Lutz (1997). Brain Na+/K+-ATPase activity in two anoxia tolerant vertebrates crucian carp and freshwater turtle. Neurosci. Lett. 235 89-92. 

Sick, T.J., M. Perez-Pinon, P.L. Lutz, and M. Rosenthal (1993). Maintaining coupled metabolism and membrane function in anoxic brain A comparison between the turtle and rat. In Surviving Hypoxia, pp 351-363, ed. J.R. Sutton, C.S. Houston and G. Coates. Burlington, Vt. Queen City Printers. 

Milton SL, Nayak G, Lutz PL, Prentice HM. 2006. Gene transcription of neuroglobin is upregulated by hypoxia and anoxia in the brain of the anoxia-tolerant turtle Tra-chetnys seripta. J Biomed Sci 13 509-514. 

Kunzle H, Wiklund L (1982) Identification and distribution of neurons presumed to give rise to cerebellar climbing fibers in turtle. A retrograde axonal flow study using radioactive D-asparate as a marker. Brain Res., 252, 146-150. 

Could the directional device, the simple F3O4 unit, also be responsible for direction finding in higher organisms in much the same way that an explorer uses a compass Perhaps so Recent studies have shown evidence of magnetosomes in the brains of birds, tuna, green turtles, and dolphins. 

Little is known about the specific requirements of the enzyme. Guinea pig brain enzyme specifically methylates only Arg-107 of the 19 arginine residues in an encephalitogenic basic protein of human myelin (204). The same residue is also methylated in a similar protein from monkey, bovine, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, chicken, and turtle (209). The amino acid sequence around Arg-107 of the bovine basic protein is... 

Figure 4.16 Diffusion coefficients for molecules in the tissue interstitial space. The diffusion coefficients were measured by quantitative autoradiography and quantitative fluorescence methods, iontophoresis, and FPR. The measurements were made in brain slices (circles), cell cultures (cross), brain of animals (triangles), tissues in animals (squares), and tumors in animals (inverted triangles). Data for the diffusion of size fractionated dextrans, BSA, and IgG in granulation tissue and tumor tissue within a chamber in the rabbit ear [20, 21]. Symbol size indicates species in order of increasing size rats, rabbits, turtle, skate, dog, monkey. A previous versions of this plot has appeared [52]. The solid line represents the best-fit diffusion coefficient vs (see Figure 4.4).

Lipases are present in the chick embryo (87) and in chicken fat (71), muscle (88), and brain (89). Kgeon heart muscle and muscles of the Idte and parakeet contain hpases (90). Lipases are present in several organs of the carp (91-93), in cyclostome and teleost fish (94, 95), in the digestive tract of goldfish and other fish (96) and of Tor tor (97), in eels (98), and in salmon serum (99). Several organs of the sea turtle and the saliva of land tortoises contain hpase (100, 101). 

Shoji, T., Abe, Y., Furihata, E., and Kurihara, K., 1994, High sensitivity of the turtle olfactory system to nonvolatile substances comparison of response properties with those in gustatory systems. Brain Res. 666 68-76. 

Beuerman, R. W., 1975, Slow potentials of the turtle olfactory bulb in response to odor stimulation of the nose. Brain Res., 7 61. 

Manton, M. L., Karr, A., and Ehrenfeld, D. W., 1972b, An operant method for the study of chemoreception in the green turtle, Chelonia mydas. Brain Behav. Evol., 5 188. 

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