Turbo-jets

Because it ignites sponty in air, TEA is hyper-golic with liq O and, hence, has been suggested for use as a rocket and turbo-jet engine (proplnt) fuel by Wells (Ref 2)... 

The oil was in fact for industrial use, produced to withstand the high temperatures in turbo jet engines, the tri-orthocresyl phosphate being a specific additive. Due to a change in engine design the oil had been discarded, and someone had taken the fateful decision to sell it as cooking oil. At least 2,000 people suffered toxic effects from the contaminated oil, but thankfully there were no deaths. In this case the majority suffered only relatively mild and probably reversible paralysis. 

Fig. 1. Ignition diagram for a typical hydrocarbon and oxygen mixture 1, conversion (by ignition) of chemical energy, e.g. turbo-jet engine 2, conversion (by ignition) of chemical energy to heat and mechanical energy, e.g. internal combustion engine 3, conversion of fuels to potentially useful chemicals, e.g. O-heterocycles and 4, controlled conversion of fuels to useful chemicals, e.g. alcohols, peroxides, aldehydes, ketones, etc. (From ref. 1.)...

A Used for hydraulic systems in turbo jet and turbo prop aircraft, which must operate at -54C. 7000 Used in aircraft cabin superchargers, expansion turbines for air-conditioning systems and the aircraft hydraulic system itself. 

Modern gas turbine engines are conveniently divided into three classes. The earliest successful aircraft gas turbine engines were the true jet engines, more specifically called turbo-jets. In these engines the whole of the propulsive force is provided by the jet thrust and the turbine is designed to extract only enough power to drive the compressor and some auxiliary components. 

Fig. 11.4 Sectioned view of a Rolls-Royce Nene turbo-jet (courtesy of RoUs-Royce pic)...

The second class is the turbo-props, or prop-jets, where the turbine is designed to abstract a high proportion of the power from the combustion gases to drive a propeller which provides virtually all of the propulsive force, an example is shown in Fig. 11.5. Turbo-props are much more economical than turbo-jets at aircraft speeds below 450 mph where propellers themselves retain their efficiency. The gas turbines used in helicopters are similar in some respects where the bulk of the power is abstracted by the turbine to drive the rotors. 

Key SPC = standard performance capability, HPC = high-performance capabihty, STD = standard, Cl = corrosion inhibited, HTS = high thermal stability, TP = turbo-prop, TJ = turbo-jet, TF = turbo-fan, APU = auxiliary power unit... 

T. Aral, and H. Hashimoto Disintegration of a thin liquid sheet in a concurreait gas stream. International Journal of Turbo Jet Engines, 3, 301-306 (1986). 

The most widely used product is TRO (TR for turbo-reactor) or JP8 (JP for Jet Propulsion), still designated by the NATO symbols F34 and F35. In the United States, the corresponding fuel is called Jet Al. The military sometimes still uses a more volatile jet fuel called TR4, JP4, Jet B, F45 or F40. The preceding terms correspond to slight variations and it would be superfluous to describe them here. 

See also Pheromone technology for typographus, 49-53 Air circulation, 175-88 See also Wind speed and aminocarb degradation, 218-24 Aircraft equipment, 80,82,85 95-99 atomizer and nozzle design, 99-115 Turbo Thrust aircraft and Jet Ranger helicopter, 123t... 

Use Jet engine parts, turbo-superchargers, extreme high-temperature appbeations. 

Aviation oils The bulk of aviation lubricant demand is for both military and civilian gas turbine lubricants. Hydrocarbon oils cannot meet the requirements placed on jet engine oils, primarily lubrication, oxidation and ageing stability. Type 1, the first generation of oils were diesters but over the last 30 years have lost ground to the more expensive polyol esters. Type 2. Some diesters are still used in less demanding applications such as for small private aircraft and turbo-prop engines. Type 2 aviation gas turbine lubricants are produced to a viscosity of 5 cSt at lOO C but for some military applications where low-temperature operability is vital, this is reduced to 3 cSt. 

Synonyms Jet fuel JP-8, kerosene, aviation kerosene, fuel oil no. 1, jet kerosene, turbo fuel A, straight-run kerosene, distillate fuel oil-light, MIL-T-83133B, AVTUR, NATO F-34... 

Inhalation exposure of jet fuel A induced chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow of rats exposure to turbo fuel A and C10-C14 normal paraffins by gavage did not induce MNs in CD-I mouse bone marrow test exposure of hydrodesulfurized kerosene by gavage induced chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow of mice MD API 81-07 did not induce chromosomal aberrations in rat bone marrow but induced SCEs in B6C3Fj mice... 

This type of equipment is built by various suppliers e.g. KGT Jet Reclaimer, Kunkel-Wagner GmbH Turbo Dry, Kemfest Webac AB. The technique is used in several plants in Western Europe and China. 

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