Turbine materials

Schilke, P.W., Advanced Gas Turbine Materials and Coatings, 39th GE Turbine State-of the-Art Technology Seminar, August 1996. 

Restall, J. E., Surface Degradation and Protective Treatments. In Developments in Gas Turbine Materials - /, Meetham, G. W. (ed). Applied Science Publishers, London, ch. 10 (1981)... 

Stuart Cooper I have a small comment on something Tony brought up, namely his example of an eroded turbine material. What is important in our training of chemical engineers is that, while a solution to this problem might well exist by analyzing the flow and perhaps redesigning the metal piece... 

Figure 2.20 Grain-boundary and intragranular precipitation at the hot side of the hot-gas casing of a gas turbine. Material is 321 stainless steel. Etched successively in Vilella s reagent, methanolic aqua regia, and Groesbeck s reagent to darken carbides. (Reprinted with permission from ASM International. All rights reserved www.asminternational.org)...

Wind turbine Materials and Constructions-Group, Delft, the Netherlands... 

In [655] measurements of the concentration profiles were presented which were measured in a vessel with contoured bottom (see Fig. 5.18a) and a 45°-pitched-blade turbine. Material system glass beads in water. 

Further work will be focusing on lifetime prediction methods for gas turbine materials (superalloys) and experiments on fracture mechanics in superalloys as well as finite element calculations of multiaxial loaded tubes and validation of multiaxial tests (tension, torsion, internal pressure). 

Figure 8.5 Photomicrographs showing the microstructural features developed during the hot corrosion of gas-turbine materials in aircraft and marine service.

R. H. Barkalow and F. S. Pettit, On Oxidation Mechanisms for Hot Corrosion of CoCrAlY Coatings in Marine Gas Turbines, Proceedings of the 14th Conference on Gas Turbine Materials in a Marine Environment, Naval Sea Systems Command, Annapolis, MD, 1979, p. 493. 

MJ. Pomeroy, Coatings for gas turbine materials and long term stability issues, Mater. Des. 26 (2005) 223-231. 

Bessen II and Fryxell RE, Proceedings of the Gas Turbine Materials Conference, Naval Ship Engineering Center, Hyattsville, MD, USA, October 1972. 

A major application of superalloys is in turbine materials and jet engines, both disc and blades. Initial disc alloys were Inco 718 and Inco 901, produced by conventional casting ingot, forged billet, and forged disc route. These alloys were developed from austenitic steels, which are still used in industrial turbines, but were later replaced by Waspaloy and Astroloy as stress and temperature requirements increased. These alloys were turbine blade alloys with a snitably modified heat... 

In plant layouts without supplementary firing. 111 is limited by the resistance of the OC at high temperature, which limit the maximum temperature of the combined cycle and thus the maximum efficiency. Therefore, CLC processes will not take advantage of future advancements in the gas turbine material technology. 

Figure 3.25 Viscosify/femperafure curves for unmodified and fhermoplasfic modified epoxy resins. Source Reprinfed from Turner WN, Johnson JW, Hannah CG, Composife maferials, Meefham GW ed.. The Development of Gas Turbine Materials. Applied Science Publishers Lfd., Barking, 121-146,...

J. L. Smialek, Advances in the oxidation resistance of high-temperature turbine materials. Surf. Interface Anal, 31 (2001), 582-592. 

Today most of the advanced materials used at temperatures around 1000 °C rely on the effect of active element additions to the alloy. In particular, for protective coatings on gas turbine materials which were optimized for oxidation resistance, the active element effect plays the key role for longterm oxidation protection of the structures. The most common active elements in this respect are yttrium and cerium and to some extent also rhenium, hafnium, and zirconium. 

Bach, P. (1988) High cycle fatigue investigation into v ind turbine materials, Proc, EWEC 88 Conference, Glasgow, Stevens. 

Turbine Materials (TEWT) Daehauer Str. 665 D-80995 Miinehen Germany... 

Turbine materials are governed by the laws of thermodynamics, which basically means that changes that take place in the materials result in a reduction of the energy state in the material. We often speak of the equilibrium or stable condition of a material this simply means the condition of lowest energy. 

Three principal types of deformation take place upon the application of loads to turbine materials. Elastic deformation is instantaneous reversible deformation that results from the distortion of the crystal lattice. Plastic deformation is the irreversible deformation that takes place instantaneously through the movement of dislocations through the crystal matrix. Creep deformation takes place by a variety of diffusion-controlled processes over time, resulting in continuing strain tmder the applied load. 

At sufficiently high loads or after a critical amount of deformation has taken place, fracture of a material will occm-. Fracture can be broadly classed as ductile or brittle. In turbine materials under most conditions, fracture occurs by the... 

This subsection is with speciflc reference to gas turbine materials, the most severe thermal application in a plant. 

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