Turbidity formula

Since dampness is a Yin pathogenic factor and has a heavy, turbid and sticky nature, herbs and formulas should have a steady and constant action. Large dosage should be avoided in a long treatment course. 

These pungent and hot herbs enter the Kidney meridian. They are able to strengthen the Kidney-Yang and accelerate the water metabolism by steaming the water so as to separate the clean water from the turbid part. They can be used as chief in formulas to treat chronic or severe cases of accumulation of water or dampness in the body. 

This formula is able to leach out and transform turbid dampness and clear heat-toxin. It is used for treating damp-febrile disease when the damp-heat accumulates in the Qi level and the dampness and heat are equal in intensity. They block the Qi movement and injure the Yin. The manifestations are fever, sleepiness, fullness in the chest, abdominal distension, stiff and sour limbs, painful and swollen throat, thirst, vomiting, diarrhea, difficult urination, wan complexion or jaundice, a white or thick, sticky or dry, yellow tongue coating and a soft and rapid pulse. 

This formula can clear heat, drain excess fire, promote urination and relieve pain. It is used to treat Lin syndrome (painful urinary dysfunction) due to damp-heat in the Bladder, which injures the blood and blocks the Qi. The manifestations are turbid and dark urine, painful and difficult urination, lower abdominal pain and distension, dry mouth and thirst, a yellow and sticky tongue coating, and a slippery and wiry pulse. 

These aromatic substances are warm in nature. They can penetrate the turbidity, regulate Qi and open up blockage. They are often used in the formula to treat the cold type of locked-up syndrome. 

This formula can tonify Qi, generate body fluid, moisten dryness and relieve thirst. It treats thirst and wasting syndrome, a syndrome known as diabetes in western medicine. It is caused by Yin deficiency of the Kidney, Stomach and Lung. When dryness occurs in the Stomach, the Qi is too weak to spread the fluid, and excessive thirst appears. Heat consumes the Qi and can directly lead to lassitude and shortness of breath. If the Kidney fails to control the Bladder and is unable to separate clean fluid from turbid, patients may pass large amounts of turbid urine frequently. Yin and Qi deficiency often show in a red tongue with a thin and dry coating, and a weak and thready pulse. 

Bai Zhi is pungent and hot, and enters the Spleen meridian. This aromatic herb can spread its Qi quickly and can penetrate turbidity, transform dampness and discharge pus and fluid. It is often used as assistant in the formula when the Yin-type ulcer discharges thin and turbid pus and fluid, and healing is not able to take place. 

Tellurium O-ethyldipropionylmethane trichloride (Formula III), isolated as indicated above, crystallises from a mixture of chloroform and petroleum (B.pt. 40° to 60° C.) as transparent lemon-yellow prisms, M.pt. 110° to 111° C. with blackening and decomposition. It yields pale yellow solutions in cold organic solvents, and gives no enolic reaction with feme chloride in aquo-alcoholic chloroform solution, but decomposes rapidly, giving a yellow turbidity. With aqueous alkalis it develops the earthy odour of the free O-ether of dipropionylmethane. 

A raw water that comes from a river is usually turbid. In some water treatment plants, a presedimentation basin is constructed to remove some of the turbidities. These turbidity particles are composed not of a single but of a multitude of particles settling in a column of water. Since the formulas derived above apply only to a single particle, a new technique must be developed. 

A solution of thiosalieylie acid in alcohol is treated with water until faint turbidity is produced, then an aqueous solution of mercuric acetate (1 5 mols.) slowly added. The precipitate is boiled with alcohol to remove impurities, then treated vith a mixture of ammonium hydroxide and carbonate until complete solution is obtained. The latter is filtered hot, and treated with acetic acid until faintly opalescent. On cooling, the anhydride crystallises in pale yellow, microscopic rods. Yield 50 per cent. When boiled with a concentrated solution of sodium chloride, and the solution filtered and treated with acetic acid, impure o-chloromercuri ihioWenzoic acid is precipitated. When the latter compound or the anhydride are dissolved in concentrated ammonium hydroxide, a substance crystallising in plates, M.pt. 206° C. with decomposition, is produced. Its formula corresponds to C HieOfjNgSgHgg. Some niercuri-bis thiolbenzoic acid is also formed. 

Another use of the scattering formula is in the calculation of the turbidity of a solution. The method is similar to that of measuring the absorbance of a solution. The intensity of light is measured after it is passed through a dilute solution of a polymeric material the wavelength used must not be absorbed by any component of the solution. Thus the decrease in intensity is due entirely to the light being scattered away (Fig. 35.15). 

Silt Density Index (SDI) It is an empirical measurement ASTM Standard D-4189-82, 1987) used for measuring the colloidal fouling potential of RO/NF feed water. It is not a direct measure of the particle concentration, which is more properly measured by turbidity. The SDI value is based on the time required to filter a volume of feed water throu a 0.45 pm filter pad at a feed pressure of 2.1 bar g. The SDI value is calculated from the formula ... 

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