Turbidity data

A single extrapolation of the ratio D/s measured at a series of very low concentrations would then suffice. The graphical method advocated above for handling osmotic and turbidity data could be applied here also for the purpose of obtaining (D/s)o = RT/M, Again, if a poor solvent is used, so that T2 is very small, D/s should be nearly independent of c over the dilute range. 

Turbidity data applied to upper atmospheric conditions, have been gathered at the meteorological observatory on Mauna Loa, Hawaii and presented by Peterson and Bryson (17). These data covered about a 10-year period from 1957-1967 and have been interpreted by Peterson and Bryson to indicate a general increase in the fine particle concentrations, as well as showing the effects of one or more major volcanic erup-... 

Once having calculated the average stoichiometry of the solute species, the turbidity data permit the estimation of N, the degree of aggregation. For several series, the results are shown in Table IV. Even... 

Parameters for the simple model were determined graphically by Eadie-Hofstee plotting of initial reaction rates and substrate concentrations. Details are given elsewhere (30). As has been observed in hydrolysis of other solid substrates, a residue of non-lysed substrate was found at extended reaction times, when dY/dt tended toward zero. The extent of reaction was strongly dependent on initial substrate and enzyme concentrations (33,34). An empirical funciton for Y was fitted to the ultimate turbidity data for lysis runs at a variety of initial yeast and enzyme concentrations using a least squares method. The calculated values for Yco were used in the simulations (30). Figure 3 shows results of the simple model. 

Although the coalescence assumption may lead to small errors in the scattering cross section, it does enable the rapid correlation of turbidity data (n) with electronic particle counter data (n and fi), provided the relative refractive index and size regime are known. Because the electronic particle counter measures the aggregate volume, and therefore determines only an equivalent spherical radius, the data from the electronic particle counter relate only to the coalesced-sphere approach. 

The above considerations are confirmed by turbidity data from a cured DEG-PEPA system containing different quantities of OP-10, DDN, and L-10. 

The data correlate well with turbidity data (Fig. 2.31, curves 2 ) and show that acceleration of the start of gel formation with 4-6 wt% OP-10 occurs because of accumulation of microgel formations under the influence of the surfactant at an earlier stage. Acceleration of the start of gel formation wih DC-10 is insignificant and remains directly dependent on DC-10 concentration, corresponding to the turbidity data that indicate that this surfactant does not influence the compatibility of the system components and speed of gel formation. 

The direct relationship, however, between turbidity data and suspended solids concentrations is weakened by the complex interactions of fight energy with suspended particles. This interplay is heavily dependent on many factors, including ... 

The field is hampered by a nonstandard, ill-defined, and historically changing unit of measurement. The Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) is the most common unit employed. The precision with which turbidity data should be reported depends on how turbid the sample is, but should be to the nearest 1-10%, approximately, of the NTU value determined. For example, NTU values for distilled water, tap water, and raw water are 0.08, 0.54, and 3.52, respectively, but much higher values, well above 150 NTU, are common in many hydrological systems. 

Turbidity meters need to be interfaced with portable multimeters, dataloggers, or computers for recording and storage of turbidity data. Dataloggers... 

Light-scattering measurements were carried out for bovine serum albumin in 0.1 M KI solution at the isoelectric point (pH = 5.17, Z2 = 0). The wavelength was set at 546 nm and the experiment was performed at room temperature. The following turbidity data were obtained ... 

In summary, the simplicity of measurement makes turbidity spectra methods attractive for on-line monitoring of particle size distribution, particular / if the distribution is known to be monomodal. In this case average particle size, determined by turbidimetry may be sufficient for continuous monitoring and control. This has been shown by Hamielec and coworkers (10) who, by techniques of state estimation, have used turbidity data to estimate other states of an emulsion system, and applied closed-loop control accordingly. 

Background turbidity data relate to the measurement of the concentration levels of suspended material in the water column prior to dredging. 

Figure 10.9 shows the application of the above expression to some turbidity data of Fletcher and Morris. ... 

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