Tumorigenesis initiation

A higher mutation rate in response to stress is also supported by data from a study with rats showing that several different types of stress can induce sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in bone marrow cells.78 The processes for repair or removal of damaged DNA are important parts of the initiation events for tumorigenesis, since faulty DNA repair has been associated with an increased incidence of cancer.79... 

API. 1989. Short-term dermal tumorigenesis study of selected petroleum hydrocarbons in male CD-I mice. Initiation and promotion phases Final Report API 36-32643. American Petroleum Institute Washington DC. 

Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamomum cassia) is a potent inducer of apoptosis via ROS generation, thereby inducing mitochondrial permeability, depletion of intracellular thiols, activation of caspase-3 and DNA fragmentation [364]. Farnesol was also found to initiate apoptotic cell death [312, 318, 365], while other studies showed that dietary administration of cinnamaldehyde significantly inhibited pulmonary tumorigenesis in mice [366]. 

Hennings, H. Michale, D., and Paterson, E. (1973). Enhancement of skin tumorigenesis by single application of croton oil before or soon after initiation by methane, Cancer Res. 33,3130. 

Serraino, M. and Thompson, L.U. 1992. The effect of flaxseed supplementation on the initiation and promotional stages of mammary tumorigenesis. Nutr. Cancer 17, 153-159. 

It is widely accepted that retinoids inhibit tumor growth and development, or the promotional phase of tumorigenesis (1J5) since it is well known that vitamin A plays a marked, as yet ill-defined, role in controlling the growth and differentiation of epidermis and epidermally-derived structures (16-18). Experimental evidence for this hypothesis rests primarily on the observation that conditions of hypervitaminosis A significantly inhibit tumor production even when initiated after application of the carcinogenic insult. Thus, 13-cis-retinoic acid inhibits the induction of transitional cell... 

Inano, H., Onoda, M., Inafuku, N., Kubota, M., Kamada, Y., Osawa, T., Kobayashi, H. and Wakabayashi, K. (2000) Potent preventive action of curcumin on radiation-induced initiation of mammary tumorigenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis 12, 1 835-1 841. 

International comparitive studies show a strong correlation between per capitut disappearance of fat and rates of colon cancer (Willett, 2001a Kushi and Giovannucci, 2002). Early animal studies suggested that dietary fat plays an important role in the initiation and promotion of colon tumorigenesis. However, later evidence showed that total energy intake, rather than fat intake, was more likely to influence tumor development (Howe et al., 1997). 

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