Tubing performance curve

The ISEC shown in Fig. 12 is an extended cusp tube CPC matched to a circular absorber of diameter 9.5 mm. The design acceptance half-angle 0 = 35° was chosen to permit stationary operation throughout the year. After truncating the CPC, the net concentration was 1.64 x. This collector was tested at Chicago for three years and routinely achieved the highest high-temperature performance yet measured for a fixed stationary mount collector. Performance curves based on these tests are shown in Fig. 13,... 

Fan operation is indicated on a performance curve, as shown in Fig. 19.3. The head developed by the fan is equivalent to 5 or 10 inch of water. As the fan air flow is pretty constant, the fan s head is also constant. Another way of stating this is to say that as a tube bundle fouls, the resistance to air flow increases. This reduces the air flow through the bundle, but the pressure loss of the air flow through the tube bundle does not change. 

The development of Remote Field Eddy Current probes requires experience and expensive experiments. The numerical simulation of electromagnetic fields can be used not only for a better understanding of the Remote Field effect but also for the probe lay out. Geometrical parameters of the prohe can be derived from calculation results as well as inspection parameters. An important requirement for a realistic prediction of the probe performance is the consideration of material properties of the tube for which the probe is designed. The experimental determination of magnetization curves is necessary and can be satisfactory done with a simple experimental setup. 

Fig. 5. Plots of pump-down performance for pumps operating on 0.1-m-dia x 0.43-m-long stainless-steel tubing. Curves 1—4 are sputter-ion pumps of different makes curve 5 is Orbitron type and curve 6, LN-trapped oil DP. Pressure is measured using Bayard-Alpert gauge (BAG) (26). To convert Pa to...

Simulations of water in synthetic and biological membranes are often performed by modeling the pore as an approximately cylindrical tube of infinite length (thus employing periodic boundary conditions in one direction only). Such a system contains one (curved) interface between the aqueous phase and the pore surface. If the entrance region of the channel is important, or if the pore is to be simulated in equilibrium with a bulk-like phase, a scheme like the one in Fig. 2 can be used. In such a system there are two planar interfaces (with a hole representing the channel entrance) in addition to the curved interface of interest. Periodic boundary conditions can be applied again in all three directions of space. 

To perform the ciprofloxacin assay, a standard curve is prepared consisting of six glass test tubes containing 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 nmol ciprofloxacin (in water). The volume is made up to 1 mL with 200 mM NaOH. For the blank, ImL of 200 mM NaOH is used. Each LUV sample to be assayed should contain less than 250 nmol ciprofloxacin in a volume of 1 mL. 

Performing the assay is reduced to putting an alcoholic solution of the analysed sample, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and solution of sodium carbonate into a reaction tube, which brings the pH of the reaction environment to approx. 10. According to various literature reports, the reaction runs in the darkness for 10 to 120 minutes. After that time, the blue colour of the solution is observed colorimetrically at 725 nm - 760 nm [34, 35, 36, 37, 38]. The results are expressed based on calibration curves prepared for catechol and gallic acid. 

For greatest accuracy of the estimates of the total protein concentration in unknown samples, it is essential to include a standard curve in each run. This is particularly true for the protein assay methods that produce nonlinear standard curves (e.g., Lowry method, Coomassie dye-binding method). The decision about the number of standards used to define the standard curve and the number of replicates to be done on each standard depends upon the degree of nonlinearity in the standard curve and the degree of accuracy required of the results. In general, fewer points are needed to construct a standard curve if the color response curve is linear. For assays done in test tubes, duplicates are sufficient however, triplicates are recommended for assays performed in microtiter plates due to the increased error associated with microtiter plates and microtiter plate readers. 

Figure B1.1.2 Graph of the color response curves obtained with Pierce s Modified Lowry Protein Assay Reagent using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and bovine gamma globulin (BGG). The standard tube protocol was performed and the color was measured at 750 nm in a Hitachi U-2000 spectrophotometer.

Typical standard curves are shown in Figures B1.1.2, B1.1.4, B1.1.6, and B1.1.8 for each of the four assay methods. In each case, the tube protocols were performed in duplicate on diluted BSA or BGG standard. The color in each tube was measured at the appropriate wavelength in a dual-beam spectrophotometer. The net absorbance for each sample was plotted versus its protein concentration. 

The tube simulation can be ran under either isothermal conditions (by excluding Equation (6.24) from the numerical integration and using a pre-defined field of temperatures) or adiabatic conditions (in this case, Equation (6.24) is used to evaluate the temperature profile). In the isothermal case, it is possible to simulate the electrochemical performance (in terms of I-V curves) at different imposed operational temperatures the option of running the simulation with isothermal sohd temperature distribution is often apphed, since this is the condition under which some experimental data are obtained at RRFCS (see Figure 6.11). All the other results reported in this section have been obtained under adiabatic conditions (i.e. perfect insulation of the vessel where the tube is contained), since this is a realistic practical operating condition for the tube when included into the plant. 

Figure 13.4 Effect of the permeance (ranging from 0.01 to 10 times n, used as a reference value ofthe permeance) on the MR performance. Two configurations (reaction in the annular space or in the core of the tube) are considered. The curves indicated with n and 10 jt (tube) and 0.1 n (tube) are the reaction paths when the catalyst is packed inside the tube and thus...

Ford und Ulbrecht [41] performed homogenization measurements with aqueous CMC and PAA solutions in a vessel with a screw stirrer arranged in a central draught tube. The pumping direction of the screw could be changed as well. Initially, the liquid with a lower viscosity rested in a layer on top of the more viscous one (volume ratio cp = 1). The data measured were first represented in the space n0, Reefr, Fig. 22, whereby peff was taken from the flow curve of the homogenized mixture at the shear rate of y 5 s-1, which was effective in the draught tube. 

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