Trivial names, solvents

Some of the common reagent chemicals and solvents are usually referred to by acronyms, a sequence of letters derived from either the systematic name or a trivial name. We shall encounter some of these in due course, and both name and acronym will be introduced when we first meet them. For reference purposes, those we shall meet are also listed in Table 1.5. Far more examples occur with biochemicals. Those indicated cover many, but the list is not comprehensive. 

Glycosyljesidue Linkage Glycose residue O o si [all,, degrees Rotation solvent Per-acetate Trivial name Mode of isolation References... 

Some compounds are referred to by acronyms, shortened versions of either their systematic or their trivial name. We just saw TNT as an abbreviation for TriNitroToluene but the commoner use for acronyms is to define solvents and reagents in use all the time. Later in the book you will meet these solvents. 

The solvent xylene needs some explanation. Xylene is the trivial name for dimethyl benzene and there are three isomers. Mixed xylenes are isolated cheaply from oil and often used as a relatively high boiling solvent (b.p. about... 

Three dihydropyrrole 33-35 and one tetrahydropyrrole 36 ring systems can occur. Trivial names for the dihydropyrroles are A1-, A2-, and A3-pyrroline, where A indicates the position of the remaining double bond. Tetrahydropyrroles are known as pyrrolidines. Systematic naming of the reduced rings is illustrated by the following examples 2,3-dihydro-furan 37 (X = 0) and 2,5-dihydrothiophene 38 (X = S). 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydrofuran 39 is the well-known solvent THF. Tetrahydrothiophene 40 has an unpleasant smell and is sometimes used as an odorant in natural gas. 

One extreme view of chemical introduction of an extrinsic fluorescent probe is found in the case ofthe alanine derivative of the fluorophore 6-dimethylamino-2-acylnaphthalene (DAN) (Figure 4.23). This derivative fluorophore, given the trivial name Aladan, is incorporated into a polypeptide by solid-phase synthetic chemistry (although a molecular biology technique known as nonsense suppression is now available for the introduction of unnatural amino-acid residues into recombinant proteins). The fluorescent emission maximum (Tnax) of Aladan shifts dramatically on different solvent exposures, from 409 nm in heptane to 542 nm in water, yet at the same time remains only mildly changed by variations in pH or salt concentration. This compares to a maximum environment-mediated shift of around 40 nm for intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence. In addition, there is little spectral overlap between extrinsic Aladan fluorescence and intrinsic fluorescence from tryptophan or tyrosine. 

Thiolane 1,1-dioxide, known by the trivial name sulfolane, is obtained industrially by catalytic hydrogenation of 3-sulfolene. Sulfolane, colourless crystals, mp 27.5°C, bp 285°C, is water soluble. Sulfolane is a polar aprotic solvent and is used for the extraction of sulfur compounds from industrial gases and for the extraction of aromatic substances from pyrolysis fractions. It also serves as a solvent for cellulose acetate, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and polyacrylonitrile. 

The solvent xylene needs some explanation. Xylene is the trivial name for dimethyl benzene and there are three isomers. Mixed xylenes are isolated cheaply from oil and often used as a relatively high boiling solvent (b.p. about 140 °C) for reactions at high temperature. In this case, the starting materials are soluble in xylene but the product is a salt and conveniently precipitates out during the reaction. Non-polar xylene favours the S 2 reaction (p. 345). 

Several of the polyhalomethanes are common solvents and are generally referred to by their common, or trivial, names. Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) is the most widely used haioaikane solvent. Compounds of the type CHX3 are called haloforms. The common name for CHCI3, for example, is chloroform. The common name for CH3CCI3 is... 

For each solvent, an unambiguous and unique name was chosen as the preferred name. This is usually one of the various systematie names reeommended by lUPAC [1979IUP1]. A few oflier systematic names and widely used trivial names were adopted as synonyms. The symbols used to denote die natural elements are those reeommended by lUPAC [1991IUP1]. Each solvent is characterized by its chemical name, by its sum formula and by its Chemieal Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number. 

All possible forms of a-tocopherol together with their chemical, designated, and trivial names are listed in Table 1. Tocotrienols naturally occur in the (2R), y-trans, T-trans configuration. Tocopherols are viscous, pale yellow oils that are soluble in fat, alcohols, and nonpolar organic solvents but not in water. 

Search original references, solvents, frequency, NMR techniques, MF, MW, lUPAC names, trivial names... 

Trivial Name(s) Structure Formula M.p. [a] D (Solvent) Source(s) References... 

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