Triton cloud point

Keywords Triton X-100, Thermodynamic Parameters, Cloud Point, Ionic Liquids, Aggregation. 

Marszall (1988) studied the effect of electrolytes on the cloud point of mixed ionic-nonionic surfactant solutions such as SDS and Triton X-100. It was found that the cloud point of the mixed micellar solutions is drastically lowered by a variety of electrolytes at considerably lower concentrations than those affecting the cloud point of nonionic surfactants used alone. The results indicate that the factors affecting the cloud point phenomena of mixed surfactants at very low concentrations of ionic surfactants and electrolytes are primarily electrostatic in nature. The change in the original charge distribution of mixed micelles at a Lxed SDS-Triton X-100 ratio (one molecule per micelle), as indicated by the cloud point measurements as a function of electrolyte concentration, depends mostly on the valency number of the cations (counterions) and to some extent on the kind of the anion (co-ion) and is independent of the type of monovalent cation. 

Fig. 14 Effect of y-radiation on the phase behavior of micellar solutions of Triton X-100 (1 wt%) cloud point (CP) variations as a function of the absorbed dose. (Reprinted from [52], copyright 2009, with permission of Elsevier)...

Carbon-based sorbents are relatively new materials for the analysis of noble metal samples of different origin [78-84]. The separation and enrichment of palladium from water, fly ash, and road dust samples on oxidized carbon nanotubes (preconcentration factor of 165) [83] palladium from road dust samples on dithiocarbamate-coated fullerene Cso (sorption efficiency of 99.2 %) [78], and rhodium on multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified with polyacrylonitrile (preconcentration factor of 120) [80] are examples of the application of various carbon-based sorbents for extraction of noble metals from environmental samples. Sorption of Au(III) and Pd(ll) on hybrid material of multiwalled carbon nanotubes grafted with polypropylene amine dendrimers prior to their determination in food and environmental samples has recently been described [84]. Recent application of ion-imprinted polymers using various chelate complexes for SPE of noble metals such as Pt [85] and Pd [86] from environmental samples can be mentioned. Hydrophobic noble metal complexes undergo separation by extraction under cloud point extraction systems, for example, extraction of Pt, Pd, and Au with N, A-dihexyl-A -benzylthiourea-Triton X-114 from sea water and dust samples [87]. 

Nonionic surfactants dissolve in aqueous solutions through hydrogen bonding between the water molecules and the oxyethylenic portion of the surfactant. These interactions are weak but enough in number to maintain the molecule in solution up to the cloud point temperature, at which the surfactant separates as a different phase (4). Figure 3 shows that electrolytes like calcium chloride, potassium chloride, or sodium chloride reduce the cloud point of Triton X-100. Hydrochloric acid instead promoted a salting-in effect similar to that observed for ethanol. 

Figure 3. Effect of different additives on the cloud point of Triton X-lOO (1 wt%) solutions of ethanol, HCl, CaCl2, KCl, and NaCl.

Same applications as TRITON X-100 but a higher cloud-point surfactant. 

Pandit, N.K. Caronia, J. Comparison of the cloud point behavior of triton x-100 in H2O and D2O. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 1988, 122, 100-103. 

The fluorescence reading at this point is taken to be the maximal fluorescence (Tmax). It can be difficult to solubilize DNA/liposome aggregates with Triton X-100, but heating the samples to the cloud point of the detergent (about 100°C) (104) followed by vortex mixing helps. 

Bilirubin Human serum samples Triton X-114 (surfactant) + Na2S04 (salt) CL 1.8 pg L-1 Flow injection system cloud point extraction [455]... 

The micelle size of TRITON increases exponentially with the temperature until at the cloud point the TRITON precipitates. The phase separation after Bordier (1981) takes advantage of this effect membranes are dissolved in TRITON-X-114 at 4° C and the solution is then heated to 30° C. This causes the TRITON-X-114 to fall out of the solution and centrifuging yields a TRITON-X-114-rich phase and a TRITON-X-114-poor phase. According to Bordier, the TRITON-X-114-rich phase contains the integral membrane proteins, whereas the soluble proteins swim in the detergent-poor phase. In my experience, this separation is far from being as clean as Bordier claims. 

PRA Prasad, M., Moulik, S.P., Wardian, A.A., Moore, S., Bonunel, A. van, and Palepu, R., Alkyl (Cio, C12, Ci4 and Cie) triphenyl phosphonium bromide influenced cloud points of nonionic surfactants (Triton X 100, Brij 56 and Brij 97) and the polymer poly(vinyl methyl ether). Coll Polym. Sci., 283, 887, 2005. 

Gu, T. Galera-Gomez, P. A. The Effect of Different Alcohols and Other Polar Organic Additives on the Cloud Point of Triton X-100 in Water. Colloids Surf. A, 1999,147,... 

GAL Galera-Gomez, P.A. and Gu, T., Cloud point of mixtures of polypropylene glycol and Triton X-100 in aqueous solutions, Langmuir, 12, 2602, 1996. 

Nemeth et al. [132] also report the effect of polyethoxy-polypropoxy block copolymers (EO .PO .EO , where m = 33 and 2.5 foam behavior of a protein—bovine serum albumin (BSA). These block copolymers reduced both the foamability and stability of the foam of BSA solutions at temperatures below the relevant cloud point where the solution was homogeneous. Filtration of the mixed solutions at the tanperature of these foam experiments produced essentially no enhanconent of foamability or foam stability. However, the filtration was done before foam generation so that the possibility of the decomposition of any putative metastable state during foam generation was not examined. Unlike with the PDMS-EOPO copolymer/Triton X-100 system, the possibility that antifoam effects at temperatnres above a measured cloud point for this EO-PO-EO -i- BSA system, which could be eliminated by removal of the relevant conjugate phase, was not explored. 

The effect of solubilizates on the cloud point of Triton X100 is shown in Fig. 5.24. Alkanes such as cetane or dodecane raise the cloud point whereas dodecanol, benzene and phenol depress it. Several other workers have reported a decrease of cloud point of this surfactant following the addition of phenols... 

Figure 5.24 Effect of added solubilizates on the cloud point of 2% Triton X-100 solutions. Solubilizates (1) cetane (2) dodecane (3) decane (4) tetradecene-1 (5) n-tetradecyl mercaptan (6) acetone (7) citric acid (8) n-octene (9) hexane (10) 2-ethylhexene (11) cyclohexane (12) aniline (13) butyl acetate (14) ethylene dichloride (15) phenol and oleic acid (16) n-dodecanol and nitrobenzene (17) benzene. From McLay [184] with permission.

---