Triglycerides Unsaturated fatty acids

Carboxylate soaps are most commonly formed through either direct or indirect reaction of aqueous caustic soda, ie, alkaH earth metal hydroxides such as NaOH, with fats and oils from natural sources, ie, triglycerides. Fats and oils are typically composed of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acid molecules containing between 8 and 20 carbons randomly linked through ester bonds to a glycerol [56-81-5] backbone. Overall, the reaction of caustic with triglyceride yields glycerol (qv) and soap in a reaction known as saponification. The reaction is shown in equation 1. 

An IV fat emulsion contains soybean or safflower oil and a mixture of natural triglycerides, predominately unsaturated fatty acids. It is used in the prevention and treatment of essential fatty acid deficiency. It also provides nonprotein calories for those receiving TPN when calorie requirements cannot be met by glucose. Examples of intravenous fat emulsion include Intralipid 10% and 20%, Liposyn II 10% and 20%, and Liposyn III 10% and 20%. Fat emulsion is used as a source of calories and essential fatty acids for... 

Lipids contain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and can be either liquid or solid. Which of these lipids is an example of a triglyceride mixture that contains mostly saturated fatty acids ... 

What is the relative amount of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in sample triglycerides ... 

Triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids, which are an abundant commodity, were shown to disproportionate with the WCl6/(CH3)4Sn catalyst... 

The resynthesized triglycerides invariably contain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in an approximate 2 1 ratio. Typically, nearly all of the fatty acid content of adipose tissue can be accounted for by just six different types of molecule with palmitate (06 0) and oleate (08 1) together contributing over 75% of the total. Turnover studies suggest that for most people, much of the fat is metabolically relatively inert acting as depot with a long half-life, and only a smaller component of the stored fat being readily accessible. 

Fig. 14. Typical signals of triglycerides in a proton spectrum, (a) Structure of a triglyceride with three different fatty acids (one saturated, two unsaturated). Different positions of protons in the molecule are indicated, resulting in different chemical shifts in the spectrum, (b) Characteristic signal pattern of triglycerides (or fatty acids) in a spectrum from yellow fatty bone marrow of the tibia, containing triglycerides in the adipocytes with more than 90% volume fraction. The spectrum was recorded with TE = 50 ms by a PRESS sequence.

Fig. 15. Comparison of a water suppressed muscle spectrum and a spectrum from yellow bone marrow containing almost pure fat (triglycerides). Measurement parameters STEAM sequence, TE=10 ms, TM=15 ms, TR = 2 s, 40 acq., VOI (11 X 11 X 20) mm. (a) Spectrum from TA muscle recorded after careful positioning of the VOI, avoiding inclusion of macroscopic fatty septa allows separation of extramyocellular (EMCL, broken lines) and intramyocellular lipid signals (IMCL, dotted lines) based on susceptibility differences. For this reason characteristic signals from fatty acids occur double. Signals of creatine (methyl, Crs, and methylene, Cr2) show triplet and doublet structure, respectively, due to dipolar coupling effects. Further signals of TMA (including carnitine and choline compartments), Taurine (Tau), esters, unsaturated fatty acids (-HC=CH-), and residual water are indicated, (b) Spectrum from yellow fatty bone marrow of the tibia with identical measuring parameters, but different amplitude scale.

Saturated fatty acids (no double bonds), such as myristic, palmitic, and stearic, make up two-thirds of milk fatty acids. Oleic acid is the most abundant unsaturated fatty acid in milk, with one double bond. Triglycerides account for 98% of milk fat. The small amounts of mono-, diglycerides, and free fatty acids in fresh milk may be... 

The composition of seed oil triglycerides is well understood. Triglycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerin, and the composition depends on the source of the oil (Figure 2). The nomenclature used is standard in the fats and oils industry, with the number of carbons in the fatty acid indicated first, followed by the number of sites of unsaturation in parentheses. 

Garton etal, (10) demonstrated that rumen microbial suspensions could hydrolyze triglycerides. It was later established that virtually any ester link between fatty acid and glycerol was subject to hydrolytic cleavage by rumen organisms (7 7). As aconsequence of the activity of the lipolytic enzymes, high levels of free fatty acids are produced in the rumen. The unsaturated fatty acids are substrates in biohydrogenation reactions. 

Carbon tetrachloride causes centrilobular liver necrosis and steatosis after acute exposure, and liver cirrhosis, liver tumors, and kidney damage after chronic administration. The mechanism underlying the acute toxicity to the liver involves metabolic activation by cytochrome P-450 to yield a free radical (trichloromethyl free radical). This reacts with unsaturated fatty acids in the membranes of organelles and leads to toxic products of lipid peroxidation including malondialdehyde and hydroxynonenal. This results in hepatocyte necrosis and inhibition of various metabolic processes including protein synthesis. The latter leads to steatosis as a result of inhibition of the synthesis of lipoproteins required for triglyceride export. 

These oils are in general triglycerides of fatty acids with 10-24 carbon atoms. The carbon atoms and may be saturated or unsaturated. In addition, they may contain phosphoglycerides. Their calorific value is comparable to conventional fuels. However, they are considered to be less harmful to the environment. 

Principal Glyceiides of fatty acids Glycerides of fatty acids Glycerides of fatty acids Triglycerides of fatty acids High in unsaturated acids,... 

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