Triglycerides hydrogenation

Neustrene 059 Hydrogenated Tallow Triglycerides (Hydrogenated Tallow Glycerides) 67701-27-3 5 10 193-205 5 Gardner 61 2 28 67 3... 

Fig. 2.8 The simplified chemical structures and 3D models of selected unsaturated fatty acids and a triglyceride. Hydrogens in cis and trans positions are highlighted. (Authors own work)...

Unsaturated fatty acids produced by the hydrolysis of triglycerides can be saturated by hydrogenation in batch or continuous processes. The catalysts already described for triglyceride hydrogenation can be used. Operation is at 160-180°C and 25 atm pressure for vegetable fatty acids and up to 190-200 C for tallow and fish oil fatty acids. The use of higher hydrogen pressures not only increases the rate of reaction and limits the attack of the add on the catalyst but provides better reaction conditions. The catalyst dose is about 0.2% nickel catalyst to oil treated. 

Multiply unsaturated linolenic and linoleic acid residues make triglycerides more vulnerable to oxidative degradation than oleic acid which is relatively stable. It is therefore desirable to hydrogenate the most unsaturated residues selectively without production of large quantities of stearic (fully saturated) acid. The stepwise reduction of an unsaturated oil may be visualized as ... 

Partial glycerides tend to melt higher than thek triglyceride counterparts, as shown in Figure 6. This observation is consistent with the presence of free hydroxyl groups which can participate in increased intermolecular hydrogen bonding. 

Infrared spectra of fats and oils are similar regardless of their composition. The principal absorption seen is the carbonyl stretching peak which is virtually identical for all triglyceride oils. The most common appHcation of infrared spectroscopy is the determination of trans fatty acids occurring in a partially hydrogenated fat (58,59). Absorption at 965 - 975 cm is unique to the trans functionaHty. Near infrared spectroscopy has been utilized for simultaneous quantitation of fat, protein, and moisture in grain samples (60). The technique has also been reported to be useful for instmmental determination of iodine value (61). 

Ethoxylated castor ods or ethoxylated castorwaxes are used as solubilizers of hydrophobic substances in cosmetics. Examples are Cremophor EL (ethyoxylated castor od) and Cremophor RH (40/60 ethoxylated hydrogenated castor od). Other ethoxylated triglycerides are not as effective as castor od. Ethoxylated castor od is also a good solubilizer for vitamin A palmitate (121). 

This is a hydrogenated mixture of mono-, di-, and triglycerides derived from palm kernel oil. 

Compared with the fatty alcohol sulfates, which are also oleochemically produced anionic surfactants, the ester sulfonates have the advantage that their raw materials are on a low and therefore cost-effective level of fat refinement. The ester sulfonates are produced directly from the fatty acid esters by sulfona-tion, whereas the fatty alcohols, which are the source materials of the fatty alcohol sulfates, have to be formed by the catalytic high-pressure hydrogenation of fatty acids esters [9]. The fatty acid esters are obtained directly from the fats and oils by transesterification of the triglycerides with alcohols [10]. 

Oils. Among many investigated oils, soy oil, middle-chain triglycerides (MCT), safflower oil, and cottonseed oils are favoured for use as the oil phase due to their low incidence of toxic reactions. Purity is regarded as an important criterion for parenteral use. Undesirable contaminants such as hydrogenated oil, saturated fatty materials, pigments, or oxidative decomposition products should be minimized. 

Caprylic/capric triglyceride, cosmetically useful lipid, 7 833t Capsanthin, 24 560 Capsicum group, 23 164-165 Capsorubin, 24 560 Capsular polysaccharides, 20 455 Capsules. See also Microencapsulation extruding, 16 446 pharmaceutical, 18 708 produced by spray drying, 16 447-448 Capsule standard platinum resistance thermometers, 24 445 Captafol, 23 629, 647 Captan, 23 628 Captiva camera, 19 307 Captive hydrogen, 13 841 Captopril, 5 148... 

Fatty Acid Esters and Fatty Alcohols Fatty acid esters are obtained by transesterification of triglycerides (vegetable oils) or by esterification of fatty acid with alcohol or polyols. Fatty alcohols are obtained by hydrogenation of esters on metal catalysts. Fatty acid esters and fatty alcohols are useful platform molecules to prepare surfactants, emulsifier, lubricants and polymers. 

Catalytical studies of synthesized products were tested according to the Hanus Method [18]. Since Triglycerides (fats and oils) are esters of glycerol with three fatty acids. These long chain fatty acids may contain one or more double bonds. With no double bonds, the fatty acid is termed saturated (with hydrogen), and with double bonds, it is termed unsaturated. The iodine number is an indication of the degree of unsaturation of the oil (Scheme 14.4). 

To continue the process, the fatty methyl esters are phase-separated from the glycerin (or glycerol—same thing, just to keep you on your toes), washed with water to remove any trace amounts of methanol and glycerin and dried. In a second reaction, the methyl esters are hydrogenated to get the fatty alcohols (in the southeast corner of Figure 15—2). The catalyst is usually a mixture of cupric chromite and cupric oxide in the form of a finely divided powder. Conversion of the triglycerides is about 95%. 

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