Triglycerides fatty adds

Chee J-Y, Tan Y, Samian M-R, Sudesh K (2010) Isolation and characterization of a Burkholderia sp. USM (JCM15050) capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) from triglycerides, fatty adds and glycerols. J Polym Environ 18 584-592... 

VegetaUe and animal oils and waxes Mono-, di-, and triglycerides Fatty adds, fatty esters and alcohols, polyenes, ycerol ... 

Pandey V, Baneiji R, Dixit BS, Singh M, Shukla S Singh SR 2000. Cuphea, a rich source of medium-chain triglycerides fatty add composition and oil diversity in Cuphea procumbem. European Journal of Lipid Sdence and Technology 102(7) 463 66. 

No discussion of the use of biotransfarmation in lipid chemistry would be complete without some mention of chemical transformation relating to fatty adds. Fatty adds are a major component of the lipid fraction of organisms. They are mainly found as components of triglycerides and phospholipids, although they may occur in smaller quantities as free fatty adds or as esters of other moieties. Fatty adds, either as free adds or as esters, are valuable commodities in the food and cosmetics industries. They may also serve as precursors of a variety of other compounds. 

Mixtures of triglycerides, triglycerides plus free fatty adds or triglycerides plus fatty acid alkyl esters are used as reactants in fat modification processes. These mixtures are exposed to lipases supported on macroporous particles in the presence of a small amount of water. Liquid substrates (oils) can be reacted without use of a solvent, but with solid reactants (fats) it is necessary to add a solvent to ensure that the reactants and products are completely dissolved in the organic phase. Various water immisdble solvents can be used, but hexane is preferred for commercial operation because this solvent is already used industrially for the processing of oils and fats. 

The fatty adds commonly encountered in biological systems are straight chained alkanoic or alkenoic adds, containing an even number of carbon atoms (usually Ch-Ch). natural n Senera / these fatty adds can be produced readily by extraction of the lipids from sources natural sources and saponifying the neutral triglycerides. This is satisfactory providing a mixture of fatty acids is acceptable. Purification of spedfic fatty adds from the saponification mixture increases the costs considerably. 

Triglycerides, the storage form of fatty acids, are formed by attaching three fatty adds (as fetty acyl CoA) to glycerol. Triglyceride formation from fatty acids and glycerol 3-phosphate occurs primarily in liver and adipose tissue. 

Chylomicrons are assembled from dietary triglyceride (containing predominantly the longer-chain fatty adds) and cholesterol esters by intestinal epithelial cells. The core lipid is surrounded by phospholipids similar to those found in cell membranes, which increase the solubility of chylomicrons in lymph and blood. ApoB-48 is attached and required for release from the epithelial cells into the lymphatics. 

Saturated-, unsaturated fatty adds, triglyceride from interesterification products silicalite-1 2-Heptanone/ acetone [191]... 

Glycogenolysis in liver, release of fatty adds from triglycerides in adipose tissue... 

Warabi, Y., Kusdiana, D., Saka, S., Reactivity of triglycerides and fatty adds of rapeseed oil in supercritical alcohols, Bioresource Technology, 91, 283-287, 2004 Xie, W., U, H., Alumina-supported potassium iodide as heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil, J. Molec. Catal. A Chemical, 205,1-9,... 

The most abundant fatty add-containing compounds in the human organism are the triglycerides. These are esters of three fatty adds and one glycerol molecule, and they most commonly occur in fat storage areas—the adipose tissue. Triglycerides are nonamphipathic. Because about two-thirds of all fatty adds in... 

Triglycerides are hydrolyzable into their component fatty adds and glycerol. They are espedally susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis. If KOH or NaOH is used, the process is saponification and the products, sodium and potassium salts of fatty adds, are called soaps. In the human organism, triglycerides are hydrolyzed by various esterases called lipases. These enzymes are quite spedfic, and they do not necessarily remove all three fatty add molecules from a triglyceride molecule. Thus, pancreatic lipase, the main lipid digestive enzyme of the small intestine, catalyzes the removal of fatty acids from positions 1 and 3 only. 

The fatty adds of common triglycerides are long, unbranched carboxylic acids with about 12 to 20 carbon atoms. Most fatty acids contain even numbers of carbon atoms because they are derived from two-carbon acetic acid units. Some of the common fatty acids have saturated carbon chains, while others have one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Table 25-1 shows the structures of some common fatty acids derived from fats and oils. 

Figure 2.51 shows the structure of the 16-carbon fatty acid palmitic add. In the triglyceride and phospholipid structures shown in Figure 2,32, R, R, and represent the alkane "tails" of fatty adds. The fatty acid compositions of the phospholipids and triglycerides of various foods are listed in Table 2-2-...

The major fuel for most organs is fatty adds. Events that conln l their liberation from triglycerides (T Gs) and their oxidation are described in subsequent sections of this chapter. A variety of control points encountered during the complete oxidation of glucose and of fatty acids to COj are revealed, A number of we -... 

Phospholipids may consist of a backbone of glycerol esterified with two fatty adds and one molecule of choline phosphate in the 3 position. In other phospholipids, the 3 position may be occupied by a molecule of ethanolamine phosphate, serine phosphate, or inositol phosphate. A phospholipid containing choline phosphate is called phosphatidylcholine one containing ethanolamine phosphate is called phosphatidylethanolamine. Generally, the fatty acids esterified as triglycerides contain up to one double bond, whereas those esterified as phos-... 

TABLE 6.8 Fatty Adds Occurring in the Triglycerides of Various Foods... 

The substrate spedfidties of lipases are crudal to their application as catalysts for modification of triglycerides. The enzymes can show spedfidty with respect to both the fatty add and glycerol parts of triglycerides. However, most extracelluar microbial lipases are not hi y specific with respect to the fatty add groups found in the oils and fats used as raw materials for the edible fats industry, although reaction rates can vary wifii the chain length, and extent and position of unsaturation of the fatty add group. 

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