Trichothecene mycotoxins biosynthesis

Revision of the stereochemistry in trichodiol, trichotriol and related compounds and concerning their role in the biosynthesis of the trichothecene mycotoxins, A.R. Heskett, B.W. Bycroft, P.M. Dewick and J. Gilbert, Phytochemistry, 1993, 32, 105. 

Baldwin NCP, Bycroft BW, Dewick PM, Gilbert J, Holden I (1985) Biosynthesis of Trichothecene Mycotoxins in Fusarium culmorum Cultures. Z Naturforsch C40 514... 

Tamm Ch, Breitenstein W (1980) The Biosynthesis of Trichothecene Mycotoxins. In Steyn PS (ed.) The Biosynthesis of Mycotoxins. A Study in Secondary Metabolism, p. 69. Academic Press, New York... 

Nivalenol (NIV) belongs to the B-type trichothecene mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species. The occurrence of NIV contamination is limited to certain areas around the world, such as Japan, Korea, New Zealand, and a part of Europe, where it has had adverse effects on human and animal health. This chapter focuses on the mycology, occurrence, biosynthesis, toxicology, methods of analysis, and risk assessment of NIV. 

Hesketh AR, Gledhill L, Marsh DC, Bycroft BW, DewickPM, Gilbert J (1990) Isotrichodiol a post-trichodiene intermediate in the biosynthesis of trichothecene mycotoxins. J Chem Soc Chem Comm 1184-1186... 

Tamm, Ch., and W. Breitenstein The biosynthesis of trichothecene mycotoxins. In Biosynthesis of Mycotoxins (Steyn, P. S., ed.), p. 69. New York Academic Press. 1980. Tatsuno, T. Chemical synthesis of trichothecenes. Dev. Food Sci. 4, 47 (1983). Tatsuno, T., Y. Fujimoto, and Y. Morita Toxicological research on substances from Fusarium nivale. III. Structure of nivalenol and its monoacetate. Tetrahedron Letters 1969, 2823. 

In the first part of this chapter, we deal with insecticides including miticides and nematocides, which include very useful compounds such as avermectins and milbemycins, produced by bacteria and fungi. We list out microbial insecticides of importance and review the works mainly on the mode of action and biosynthesis of each metabolite. In the next part, major mycotoxins are listed and recent topics on them, especially on their biosynthesis, are described. Since contamination of two major mycotoxin groups, aflatoxins (AFs) and trichothecenes, in food and feed is a worldwide problem, they are treated in detail in the last part of this chapter. Recent studies on their biosynthesis, regulatory mechanism for their production, and inhibitors of their production are described. 

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