Trichloroethylene Ethanol

Common examples of compounds that are amenable to carbon adsorption are aromatics (benzene, toluene) and chlorinated organics (trichloroethylene, trichloroethane [71-55-6, 75 -(9(9-j5y, tetrachloroethylene, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT /T(9-77-77, pentachlorophenol [87-86-5J. Compounds that are not adsorbed effectively by carbon include ethanol [64-17-5], diethylene glycol [111-46-6], and numerous amines (butylamine [109-73-9, 13952-84-6, 75-64-9], triethanolamine [102-71-6], cyclohexylamine [108-91-8], hexamethylenediamine [108-91-8] (1). Wastewater concentrations that are suitable for carbon adsorption are generally less than 5000 mg/L. 

Effects noted from exposures of 2-2.5 hours at 1,000 ppm include impaired visual-motor coordination (measured by groove-type hand steadiness, depth perception, and pegboard tests) (Vernon and Ferguson 1969) and, at 200 ppm, an increase in heart and breathing rates when trichloroethylene was inhaled simultaneously with ethanol ingestion (Windemuller and Ettema 1978). This latter study found no effect without ethanol ingestion. An 8-hour exposure (two 4-hour exposures separated by 1.5 hours) to 110 ppm... 

Alcohol can affect the metabolism of trichloroethylene. This is noted in both toxicity and pharmacokinetic studies. In toxicity studies, simultaneous exposure to ethanol and trichloroethylene increased the concentration of trichloroethylene in the blood and breath of male volunteers (Stewart et al. 1974c). These people also showed "degreaser s flush"—a transient vasodilation of superficial skin vessels. In rats, depressant effects in the central nervous system are exacerbated by coadministration of ethanol and trichloroethylene (Utesch et al. 1981). 

Animal studies indicate that trichloroethylene can sensitize the heart to epinephrine-induced arrhythmias. Other chemicals can affect these epinephrine-induced cardiac arrhythmias in animals exposed to trichloroethylene. Phenobarbital treatment, which increases the metabolism of trichloroethylene, has been shown to reduce the trichloroethylene-epinephrine-induced arrhythmias in rabbits (White and Carlson 1979), whereas high concentrations of ethanol, which inhibits trichloroethylene metabolism, have been found to potentiate trichloroethylene-epinephrine-induced arrhythmias in rabbits (White and Carlson 1981). These results indicate that trichloroethylene itself and not a metabolite is responsible for the epinephrine-induced arrhythmias. In addition, caffeine has also been found to increase the incidence of epinephrine-induced arrhythmias in rabbits exposed to trichloroethylene (White and Carlson 1982). 

Attempts to diminish the overall metabolism of trichloroethylene might be useful (e.g., hypothermia, mixed-function oxidase inhibitors, competitive inhibitors of trichloroethylene metabolism [i.e., P-450 substrates]), if instituted soon enough after trichloroethylene exposure. Catecholamines (especially beta agonists) act in concert with trichloroethylene, increasing the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Hence, catecholamines should be administered to patients only in the lowest efficacious doses and for certain limited presentations of trichloroethylene poisoning. Ethanol should also be avoided because concurrent exposure to trichloroethylene and ethanol can cause vasodilation and malaise and may potentiate central nervous system depression at high dosage levels of either compound. 

Exhaled air Collected in Tedlar bag injected into GC GC/ECD (both trichloro- ethylene and trichloro- ethanol) 5 ppb (trichloroethylene) 2 ppb (trichloro-ethanol) NR Monster and Boersma 1975... 

Kaneko T, Wang P-Y, Sato A. 1994. Enzymes induced by ethanol differently affect the pharmacokinetics of trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Occup Environ Med 51 113-119. 

Larson JL, Bull RJ. 1989. Effect of ethanol on the metabolism of trichloroethylene. J Toxicol Environ Health 28 395-406. 

Muller G, Spassowski M, Henschler D. 1975. Metabolism of trichloroethylene in man. III. Interaction of trichloroethylene and ethanol. Arch Toxicol 33 173-189. 

Nakajima T, Wang RS, Murayama N, et al. 1990b. Three forms of trichloroethylene-metabolizing enzymes in rat liver induced by ethanol, phenobarbital, and 3-methylcholanthrene. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 102 546-552. 

Okino T, Nakajima T, Nakano M. 1991. Morphological and biochemical analyses of trichloroethylene hepatotoxicity Differences in ethanol- and phenobarbital-pretreated rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 108 379-389. 

Stewart RD, Hake CL, Peterson JE. 1974c. "Degreasers flush" Dermal response to trichloroethylene and ethanol. Arch Environ Health 29 1-5. 

White JF, Carlson GP. 1981. Epinephrine-induced cardiac arrhythmias in rabbits exposed to trichloroethylene Potentiation by ethanol. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 60 466-471. 

The oleoresin is obtained from turmeric powder by solvent extraction. Solvents approved for use by European Commission are ethylacetate, acetone, carbon dioxide, dichloromethane, n-butanol, methanol, ethanol, and hexane. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also authorized the use of mixtures of solvents that include those mentioned earlier plus isopropanol and trichloroethylene. After filtration the solvents must be completely removed from the oleoresin. 

Interconnects are formed into the desired shape using ceramic processing techniques. For example, bipolar plates with gas channels can be formed by tape casting a mixture of the ceramic powder with a solvent, such as trichloroethylene (TCE)-ethanol [90], Coating techniques, such as plasma spray [91] or laser ablation [92] can also be used to apply interconnect materials to the other fuel cell components. 

FIGURE 3 2 Solvent extraction efficiencies (EF) as functions of dielectric constants (D), solubility parameters (6), and polarity parameters (P and E -). Solvents studied silicon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, n pentane. Freon 113, cyclopentane, n-hexane, carbon tetradiloride, diethylether, cyclohexane, isooctane, benzene (reference, EF 100), toluene, trichloroethylene, diethylamine, chloroform, triethylamine, methylene, chloride, tetra-hydrofuran, l,4 dioxane, pyridine, 2 propanol, acetone, ethanol, methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and water. Reprinted with permission from Grosjean. ... 

Based on structurally similar compounds, hexachlorocyclopentadiene is expected to be soluble in benzene, ethanol, chloroform, methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, and other liquid halogenated solvents. 

In a model aquatic ecosystem, methoxychlor degraded to ethanol, dihydroxy ethane, dihy-droxyethylene, and unidentified polar metabolites (Metcalf et al, 1971). Kapoor et al. (1970) also studied the biodegradation of methoxychlor in a model ecosystem containing snails, plankton, mosquito larvae, Daphnia magna, and mosquito fish Gambusia affinis). The following metabolites were identified 2-(/5-methoxyphenyl)-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-l,l,l-trichloroethane, 2,2-bis (p-hydroxyphenyl) -1,1,1 -trichloroethane, 2,2-bis (p-hydroxyphenyl) -1,1,1 -trichloroethylene,... 

Miscible with ethanol, ether (U.S. EPA, 1985), and many chlorinated solvents including carbon tetrabromide, carbon tetrachloride, bromoform, chloroform, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. 

Zhang and Wang (1997) studied the reaction of zero-valent iron powder and palladium-coated iron particles with trichloroethylene and PCBs. In the batch scale experiments, 50 pL of 200 pg/mL PCB-1254 in methanol was mixed with 1 ml ethanol/water solution (volume ratio = 1/9) and 0.1 g of wet iron or palladium/iron powder in a 2-mL vial. The vial was placed on a rotary shaker (30 rpm) at room temperature for 17 h. Trichloroethylene was completely dechlorinated by the nanoscale palladium/iron powders within the 17-h time period. Only partial dechlorination of PCB-1254 was observed when wet iron powder was used. 

Trichloroethylene 2-Nitroaniline 2-Chloroethanol, see 1,2-Dichloroethane TV-Chloroethanolamine, see Ethanolamine 2-(2-Chloroethoxy)ethanol, see Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether 2-Chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-amino-s-triazine, see Atrazine... 

Figure 18. Correlations between the solubility of cmchonidme and the reported empirical polarity (A) and dielectric constants (B) of 48 solvents [66]. Those solvents are indicated by the numbers in the figures 1 cyclohexane 2 n-pentane 3 n-hexane 4 triethylamine 5 carbon tetrachloride 6 carbon disulfide 7 toluene 8 benzene 9 ethyl ether 10 trichloroethylene 11 1,4-dioxane 12 chlorobenzene 13 tetrahydrofuran 14 ethyl acetate 15 chloroform 16 cyclohexanone 17 dichloromethane 18 ethyl formate 19 nitrobenzene 20 acetone 21 N,N-drmethyl formamide 22 dimethyl sulfoxide 23 acetonitrile 24 propylene carbonate 25 dioxane (90 wt%)-water 26 2-butanol 27 2-propanol 28 acetone (90 wt%)-water 29 1-butanol 30 dioxane (70 wt%)-water 31 ethyl lactate 32 acetic acid 33 ethanol 34 acetone (70 wt%)-water 35 dioxane (50 wt%)-water 36 N-methylformamide 37 acetone (50 wt%)-water 38 ethanol (50 wt%)-water 39 methanol 40 ethanol (40 wt%-water) 41 formamide 42 dioxane (30 wt%)-water 43 ethanol (30 wt%)-water 44 acetone (30 wt%)-water 45 methanol (50 wt%)-water 46 ethanol (20 wt%)-water 47 ethanol (10 wt%)-water 48 water. [Reproduced by permission of the American Chemical Society from Ma, Z. Zaera, F. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 406-414.]...

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