Triangle wave

The formation of colloidal sulfur occurring in the aqueous, either alkaline or acidic, solutions comprises a serious drawback for the deposits quality. Saloniemi et al. [206] attempted to circumvent this problem and to avoid also the use of a lead substrate needed in the case of anodic formation, by devising a cyclic electrochemical technique including alternate cathodic and anodic reactions. Their method was based on fast cycling of the substrate (TO/glass) potential in an alkaline (pH 8.5) solution of sodium sulfide, Pb(II), and EDTA, between two values with a symmetric triangle wave shape. At cathodic potentials, Pb(EDTA)2 reduced to Pb, and at anodic potentials Pb reoxidized and reacted with sulfide instead of EDTA or hydroxide ions. Films electrodeposited in the optimized potential region were stoichiometric and with a random polycrystalline RS structure. The authors noticed that cyclic deposition also occurs from an acidic solution, but the problem of colloidal sulfur formation remains. 

The diode laser is scanned up and down in frequency by a triangle wave, so that the scan should be linear in time and have the same rate in both directions. In the thermal accommodation coefficient experiments, the external beam heats the microsphere to a few K above room temperature and is then turned off. The diode laser is kept at fairly low power ( 7 pW) so that it does not appreciably heat the microsphere. Displacement of a WGM s throughput dip from one scan trace to the next is analyzed to find the relaxation time constant as the microsphere returns to room temperature. Results from the two scan directions are averaged to reduce error due to residual scan nonlinearity. This is done over a wide range of pressures (about four orders of magnitude). The time constant provides the measured thermal conductivity of the surrounding air, and fitting the thermal conductivity vs. pressure curve determines the thermal accommodation coefficient, as described in Sect. 5.5.2. 

Vtri - A triangle wave voltage source. This source uses the pulsed voltage source to make a triangle wave. It is a special case of Vpulse. 

We would like to set up a 15 V triangle wave. A plot showing the points listed in Table 6-3 and straight lines connecting those points is shown below ... 

Run the simulation select PSpice and then Run. When the simulation is finished add the trace V(VIN) (select Trace and then Add Trace). You will see the triangle wave ... 

EXERCISE B-7 Find the output voltage waveform and the transfer curve for the circuit below. Let the input be a 15 volt triangle wave. Use the source Vtri to create a 1 Hz triangle wave. 

The output of the integrator should be a triangle wave. Add the trace V( VO) You should see a triangle wave ... 

Figure 6.45 Breadboard results of 4 V to 8 V triangle-wave input.

The results using sine-wave, square-wave, and triangle-wave inputs are shown in Figs. 6.67 to 6.75. In all cases the gain circuit is symmetrical, resulting in a simple gain of-1. 

Figure 6.12 Integration of square wave to generate a triangle wave.

Variation of the applied potential in cyclic voltammetry. Typical triangle wave between two potentials followed by an opposite triangle (.) or by another type of potential ramp ( ). 

Frequency — In general, frequency is the rate at which a happening or phenomenon recurs, measured as the number of cycles or completed alternations per unit time. In electrochemistry, it usually refers to the number of complete cycles per second in some periodic current or voltage oscillation. Such oscillations are often sinusoidal in shape, but may have other wave shapes such as square wave, triangle wave, etc. The frequency / (in cycles per second or hertz, Hz) is equal to the reciprocal of the period of the waveform ]> (in s). The period ( ]>) is the time required to complete one complete cycle of the oscillation, as illustrated for a sine wave in the figure below (where Tp = 0.100 s). 

When picking the waveforms, press T for a triangle wave, P for the pulse waveform, and so on. When you select a rising... 

To select these special effects in BASIC, simply add 2, 4, or 6 to the normal POKE value for the waveform register of the voice you want to affect. For instance, POKE 54276,17 selects the triangle waveform for voice 1. POKE 54276,19 adds synchronization to the triangle wave (17+2 = 19). POKE 54276,21 enables a ring-modulated triangle wave and POKE 54276,23 turns on both effects at once. Use POKE 54276,67 to select synchronization with the pulse waveform, and so forth. 

Naturally, you can use these effects with more than one voice at a time. If you select synchronization in voices 1 and 3, then voice 1 will be affected by voice 3 s frequency, and voice 3 will be affected by voice 2 s frequency. However, because multivoice modulation creates so many overtones, it s easy for things to get out of hand. If you create a three-note musical chord with triangle waves in every voice, and then switch each to ring modulation, the result will be anything but musical. 

Triangle wave) In the firefly model, the sinusoidal form of the firefly s response function was chosen somewhat arbitrarily. Consider the alternative model 0 = i2, d = co + A f( - d), where f is given now by a triangle wave, not a sine wave. Specifically, let... 

A common definition of Q (t,tmax) is a squared sine wave, time scaled and shifted to fit its first halfperiod into the systolic time interval, and zeroed elsewhere, for example, see Martin et al. [ 1986]. Another common definition uses the first half-period of a sine wave, time-scaled and shifted to fit into the systolic interval. It is sometimes clipped and sometimes modified with a second harmonic to skew the waveform, for example, see Rideout [1991]. Still others have approximated a (t,tniax) as a square wave [Warner, 1959], a triangle wave [McLeod, 1966 Katona et al, 1967], a sum of charging and discharging exponentials [Sun and Chiaramida, 1992], and even as a sum of gaussian (bell-shaped) exponentials [Chung et al., 1994]. 

FIGURE 14.18 Scheme of flat-plate collectors without covering, with air as working medium (a) corrugated plate (b) trapezoid plate (c) triangle waved plate (as absorber). 

Figure 12.5 Position calibration. Left a bead is held in the optical tweezers and a 1 Hz squarewave oscillation is applied to the AODs the displacements are (a) 50, (b) 100, (c) 200 and (d) 500 nm. Right a large amplitude triangle wave is applied to the AODs to move the bead held in the optical tweezer over the full active area of the detector. The sensitivity is greatest when the bead is in the centre of the 4QD. Ideally the image of the bead held in the optical tweezers should be approximately half the size of the 4QD. This gives greatest sensitivity and suflident detector range to perform experiments...

Stokes calibration involves applying a known viscous drag force to a bead held in the optical tweezer and recording how far it is displaced from the tweezer centre. Application of a triangle wave oscillation of known size and frequency to the specimen chamber with the piezoelectric substage produces a viscous drag force given by Stoke s law... 

Figure 12.6 Calibration of trap stiffness using Stokes drag. The stiffness of the trap can be determined using Stokes drag force. A triangle wave is applied to the stage which holds the specimen chamber while a bead is held in the optical tweezer. The rapid movement of the stage creates a force, F, on the bead caused by the motion of the surrounding fluid. This causes the bead to be displaced a distance, x, from the trap centre the greater the system stiffness the less the bead is displaced. f/X= stiffness of the tweezers K) (inset)...

Input a high-resolution, highly linear triangle wave into one channel of the DAQ board. The frequency of the triangle should be low and the amplitude should swing from minus fuU scale to plus full scale of the input to the DAQ board. 

The DNL is the greatest deviation from the value of 1 LSB. Because the input was a triangle wave, it had a uniform distribution over the DAQ board codes. The probability of a code occurring is directly proportional to the code width, and therefore shows the DNL. 

Fig. 13 Schematic diagram of experiment set-up for actuator tested in air. Different potential steps like step, sinusoidal wave or triangle wave could be applied to drive actuation...

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