Tri nitro toluene

Tri-nitro Toluene. T.N.T.—One of the nitro toluenes is of especial interest and importance because of its use as a military high explosive. This is tri-nitro toluene, commonly known as T.N.T. Other names also used for the substance are, trotyly trinoly trilite and tritolo. The constitution of the compound is that of the symmetrical or 2-4-6-tri-nitro toluene. As a benzene derivative it is, therefore, i-methyl 2-4-6-tri-nitro benzene. 

Tri-nitro toluene cannot be exploded by a flame nor by heating in the open, and is only slightly decomposed by striking it a blow. It is best exploded by means of a detonator of fulminate of mercury. It is used for military purposes in shells, bombs and submarine mines. It also forms a constituent of many mixed explosives. It is about 5 per cent less powerful and also less violent and less sensitive than picric acid (p. 630), and does not form sensitive salts or other products under storage conditions as does the latter. A few examples may be given of mixed explosives made with tri-nitro toluene in which ammonium nitrate is used as an oxidizer. The presence of the nitrate weakens the power of the T.N.T , but the mixtures are not very sensitive and are adapted to military purposes and some of them to mine blasting. 

Ammonium Nitrate 88-92 parts. Tri-nitro-Toluene 4-6 " Flour (dried at 100° C.) 4-6 " Moisture 0-15 "... 

The nitro compounds are organic compounds linked with the grouping -NO2. Usually the -NO2 comes from nitric acid, HNO3, as in the reaction of nitric acid and toluene to malce 2,4,6 tri-nicro-toluene, which is TNT The numbers are a code indicating where the three nitro groups are attached in relation to the methyl group in toluene. 

The addition of mercuric nitrate is here written as a 1,4-addition, but 1,2-addition would give the same final product, and there is no evidence in the facts concerning benzene which enables us to choose between the alternative hypotheses. Toluene yields tri-nitro-m-cresol by a similar series of reactions, and it is clear that the nitro group in the addition product of mercuric nitrate and toluene has taken either the 2-, the 4-, or the 6-position, that is, one or the other of the positions activated by the methyl group. In the addition of mercuric nitrate to naphthalene, the nitro group correspondingly may be supposed to go to the active a-position. If the addition is 1,2-, the product on oxidation will yield a derivative of /J-naphthol. If it is 1,4-, it will yield a derivative of a-naphthol. The two possibilities are indicated below. 

Other nitro-derivatives of hydrocarhons and of phenols are used in explosive mixtures. Among the former are dinitro-benzene, chlor-dinitro-benzene, dinitro-toluene, di- or tri-nitro-den-vatives of mesitylene, pseudocumene, and xylene, dinitro-naphthalene. Trinitro-naphthalene and tetra-nitro-naphthalene have also been proposed. Of the nitro-phenols, perhaps the most important is tri-nitro-cresol, known as Cresilite in France, where it is added to Melinite. Other nitro-derivatives of the aromatic series will be mentioned in the section on detonators. 

Explosives derived from Benzene—Toluene and Nitro-Benzene-Di- and Tri-nitro-Benzene-Roburite Properties and Manufacture-Bellite Properties, c.-Securite—Tonite No. 3.-Nitro-Toluene-Nitro-Naphthalene—Ammonite-Sprengel s Explosives-Picric Acid- Picrates-Picric Powders—Melinite-Abel s Mixture—Bmgere s Powders- The Fulminates-Composition, Formula, Preparation, Danger of, c.- Detonators Sizes, Composition, Manufacture—Fuses, c. 

Di-nitro-toluene is made in a similar manner. The tri-nitro-benzene can only be made by using a very large excess of the mixed acids. Nitro- benzene, when reduced with iron, zinc, or tin, and hydrochloric acids, forms aniline. 

S3BHKN6C12H15, Borate(l-), hydrotris(methi-mazolyl)-, potassium, 33 200 SsCgHig, Cyclododecane, 1,5,9-trithia-, 33 120 S3CrOi5C2iH33, Chromium(III), hexaaqua-, tris(p-toluenesulfonate), 33 97 S3EUF9N8O14C24H34, Europium(lll), l-(4-nitro-benzyl)-4,7,10-tris(carbamoyhnethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-, 33 217 S3Fe09C2iH2i, Iron(III), tris(p-toluene-sulfonate), 33 99... 

Lhder these terms are known organic compds contg either two —N02, two —ONOa or two —NO groups. As a rule, they are described in this Encyclopedia under corresponding parent compds. For example, Dinitrobenzenes are described under Benzene and Dinitro-toluenes are under Toluene. If a parent compd has no other nitrated derivatives besides di-(such as mono-,, tri-, tetra-, etc — nitro- or... 

The role of radical anions in the detonation of nitroaromatic explosives has been examined.215 The potassium salts of such radicals were formed by mono-, di-, and tri-nitrobenzenes and -toluenes in liquid ammonia solution and, on removal of the solvent, render the material highly susceptible to loss of the metal nitrite, which increases with nitro substitution. Cleavage of the C—N02 M+ bond follows the regioconserved or... 

The methyl group in nitrotoluenes reacts with benzaldehyde much more readily than that of toluene itself, giving the corresponding derivatives of stilbene. Mono-, di- and tri-nitrotoluenes also react with p- nitrosodimethylaniline to form the corresponding anils. Such a product is not obtained in the case of toluene (Sachs and Kempf [34]). The methyl group of 2,4-dinitrotoluene also reacts with pyridine N-oxide in the presence of iodine to yield 2,4-dinitrobenzaldehyde [155], Poray-Koshits and Chizhevskaya [35] found that di- and trinitrotoluenes react with phthalic anhydride to form nitro derivatives of benzylidenephthalide ... 

Benzene Character.—The three hydrocarbons which contain benzene rings, viz., toluene, diphenyl methane and tri-phenyl methane, all act like benzene and yield characteristic benzene derivatives. Those of especial importance are the nitro and amino ring substitution... 

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