1.1.2- tri chloroethane

For Cj and C2 chloroalkanes and chloroalkenes, values ranged from -25.58 (tri-chloroethane) to 58.77 (CH3CI), and 8 Cl values from 2.86 (trichloroethane) to +1.56 (CH2CI2). Although for analysis of environmental samples the method has the disadvantage that water must first be removed from the samples, it has been used to determine the distribution of TCE in a contaminated aquifer (Sturchio et al. 1998). 

Just as electron-donating substituents inhibit hydrate formation, electron-withdrawing ones promote it. Thus K for the hydration of CljCCHO (16) is 2-7 x 104, and this aldehyde (tri-chloroethanal, chloral) does indeed form an isolable, crystalline hydrate (17). The powerfully electron-withdrawing chlorine atoms destabilise the original carbonyl compound, but not the hydrate whose formation is thus promoted ... 

There are a few reports on the combined application of ultrasound and ultraviolet light (UV) for the destruction of chemical pollutants. A study of the oxidation of humic acid and trihalomethane precursors with ozone revealed that the most effective destruction of the organic carbon compounds was achieved when both uv and ultrasound were used in combination with ozonation [35]. In other cases e. g. the removal of 1,1,1-tri-chloroethane from aqueous solutions, the combined application of ultrasound and UV proved to be more efficient than the use of either technique individually [36]. 

Lane, R.W., Riddle. B.L. Borzelleca, J.F. (1982) Effects of 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,1,1-tri-chloroethane in drinking water on reproduction and development in mice. Toxicol, appl. Pharmacol., 63, 409-421... 

In the Montreal case-control study carried out by Siemiatycki (1991) (for details, see the monograph on dichloromethane in this volume), the investigators estimated the associations between 293 workplace substances and several types of cancer. 1,1,1-Tri-chloroethane was one of the substances evaluated. About 1% of the study subjects had ever been exposed to 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Among the main occupations to which... 

Similarly, in another long-term carcinogenicity study (Quast et al., 1988), very slight microscopic hepatotoxic changes were observed in rats of both sexes at 6, 12 and 18 months, but no more at 24 months after exposure to 1500 ppm [8190 mg/m ] 1,1,1-tri-chloroethane for 6 h per day on five days per week for two years. No toxic changes were observed in mice. 

The IUPAC rules for naming aldehydes append the suffix -al to the parent name. The aldehyde carbon is always the first carbon in the chain, so a locant is not necessary. The simplest aldehyde, methanal, is commonly known as formaldehyde, a highly toxic gas used to preserve biological specimens. Ethanal is the next aldehyde, although most organic chemists call it acetaldehyde. 2,2,2-Tri-chloroethanal, more commonly known as chloral, reacts with water to form the sedative chloral hydrate. Phenylmethanal, more commonly known as benzalde-hyde, is used as artificial cherry or almond flavoring. Nomenclature examples of aldehydes are shown in Figure 11.34. 

SYNS ETHANE TRICHLORIDE NCI-C04579 RCRA WASTE NUMBER U227 3-T 1,1,2-TRICHLO-RETHANE P-TRICHLOROETHANE 1,2,2-TRI-CHLOROETHANE TROJCHLOROETAN(l,l,2) -(POLISH) VINYL TRICHLORIDE... 

In general, starch triacetates are soluble in acetic acid and, except perhaps for potato starch triacetate, are soluble in chloroform, 1,1,2-tri-chloroethane, tetrachloroethane, and other halogenated hydrocarbons. High grade starch triacetates do not appear to be soluble in ethyl acetate or alcohol, while some controversy exists as to the extent of their solubility in pyridine and acetone. Waxy com starch triacetate, perhaps due to its smaller molecular weight, is readily soluble in a wide variety of organic solvents. 

Figure 2. Absorption spectra of aromatic cations in chlorinated alkane solvents, formed in pulse radiolysis. (a) Diphenyl in 1,2-di-chloroethane. The spectrum was obtained 2 yjsec. after the electron pulse. (b) p-Terphenyl in 1,2-dichloroethane. The spectrum was obtained 4 nsec, after the electron pulse. The band at 420 m may contain a small contribution from a long-lived species produced by the radiolysis, (c) trans-Stilbene in 1,2-dichloroethane, in 1,1,2-tri-chloroethane, and in 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. Spectrum was obtained 1 fisec. after the electron pulse...

BIS(/ -CHLOROPHENYL)-2,2,2-TRICHLOROETHANE or 2,2-BIS(/ -CHLORO-PHENYL)-l,l-TRICHLOROETHANE or 2,2-BIS(p-CHLOROPHE-NYL)-l,l,l-TRI-CHLOROETHANE or a,a-BIS(/ -CHLOROPHENYL)-P,p,P-TRICHLORETHANE (50-29-3) Incompatible with salts of iron or aluminum, and bases. Do not store in iron containers. 

There are various methods by which the unsymmetrical dichloroethylene, vinylidene chloride, can be produced commercially. The first process is based on the chlorination of acetylene carried out in acetylene tetrachloride (tetrachloroethane). In the presence of ferric chloride, which acts as a catalyst, acetylene and chlorine combine at 135°C and yield vii lidene chloride. Another method of vinylidene chloride production starts from ethylene, which is chlorinated under controlled conditions to yield, 1,1,2-tri-chloroethane. On heating the latter substance in the presence of an alkali, hydrochloric acid is split off and a mixture of isomeric dichloroethylenes is obtiuned. They can be separated by fractional distillation. 

Industrial Health Standards Methylene Chloride Perchloro- ethylene 1,1,1-Tri- chloroethane Trichloro- ethylene Trichloro- trifluoro- ethane (CFC-113)... 

Although the initial focus was on CFCs, used at the time for aerosol propellants (CFC-11 and -12), blowing agents (CFC-114), cleaners for electronics (CFC-113) and refrigerants (CFC-115), amendments to the Montreal Protocol have led to the control of such common solvents as carbon tetrachloride and 1,1,1-tri-chloroethane, which were used in very large quantities. 

Ashland Chemical has introduced a line of substitutes for 1,1,1-tri-chloroethane that are blends based on hydrocarbon solvents and glycol ethers. While acknowledging that substituting one set of chemicals for another involves trade-offs that might include future restrictions on chemicals introduced as alternatives, an Ashland spokesman pointed to the overall desirable result of reducing chemical stocks. In the case where a company consumed 100 drums of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, less than half as much of the replacement (35-50 drums) would be sufficient to accomplish the same work. 

Bucks DA, Maibach HI, Menczel E, Wester RC. Percutaneous penetration of hydrocortisone in humans following skin delipidization by l l l-tri-chloroethane. Arch Dermatol Res. 1983 275 242-5. 

The PHB is soluble in organic solvent this property leads to the effective and higher PHB extraction from cells. Several solvents such as chloroform, dichloroethane, tri-chloroethane, ethylene, hexane propanol, and acetone alcohol have been in use for isolation and purification of PHB to solubilize the PHB. The treatment of methanol or acetone to biomass, before the solvent extraction leads to denature low molecular weight proteins which enhance the purity of PHB. 

Dichloroethane is used as a precursor material for the production of the tri-chloroethanes. From numerous production routes, the catalytical addition of HCl to vinylchloride is industrially used... 

Chlorinated paraffins and derivates of chlorobenzenes are declining, as well as substances which are regulated by the Montreal Protocol. The production of 1,1,1-tri-chloroethane and of CFCll/12 has stopped in Europe. 

The relative global warming potential (GWP) of some CFCs, HCFCs and of 1,1,1-tri-chloroethane is given in Table 27. 

In 1939, P. Muller discovered the insecticidal properties of dichloro-diphenyl-tri-chloroethane (DDT). High insecticidal toxicity and low mammalian toxicity made it worldwide the most successful insecticide for years. P. Muller was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1948. Within a few years the production grew to more than 100 000 tonnes per year. It was used in huge quantities against moths, lice, mosquitos, flies, etc., many of them transmitters of diseases such as malaria, typhus, cholera. These diseases could be reduced drastically. 

M,l—TRICHLOROETHANE. CCl CHv In limited laboratory tests. 3003 alloy was resistant to tri-chloroethane at ambient temperature and under refluxing conditions. CAUTION See "Halogenated Hydrocarbons. See also Ref (3) p. 109. (7) p. 185. 

Inhalation of volatile organic solvents can produce acute depressant effects and even death in humans when inhalation is concurrent with exposure to other depressants. For example, combined ingestion of ethanol and inhalation of carbon tetrachloride or TCE produces enhanced depressant effects and toluene and 1,1,1-tri-chloroethane enhance the effects of CNS depressant drugs [2]. 

Interactive hepatotoxicity was demonstrated by the concurrent administration of mixtures of any two or aU three of the chlorinated hydrocarbons TCE, tetrachloroethylene, and 1,1,1-tri-chloroethane. AU binary mixtures as well as the ternary mixture significantly increased hepatotoxicity in vitro on rat hepatocytes as weU as in vivo on laboratory rats [20]. 

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