Treatment of poisoning due

Grob, D. (1956). The manifestations and treatment of poisoning due to nerve gas and other organic phosphate anticholinesterases compounds. Arch. Intern. Med. 98 221-39. 

PHBA (11), which can cross the blood-brain barrier, has been proposed as a reactivator of phosphorylated cholinesterases for the treatment of poisoning due to organophosphates (sarin, soman, etc.) [67]. This quality was known before PHBA was detected in a marine fungus. 

Flumazenil is used as a benzodiazepine antagonist in the treatment of poisoning or the reversal of benzodiazepine effects in anesthesia 1,2) or in neonates (3). Guidelines for its use have been summarized (4). The problems in its use are those of dose adjustment, the risks of panic anxiety, seizures, or other signs of excessively rapid benzodiazepine withdrawal, and pharmacokinetic problems due to the short half-life of flumazenil (about 1 hour) compared with the longer half-lives of most benzodiazepines (5). Its use is also commonly associated with vomiting and headache, and rarely with psychosis or sudden cardiac death (SEDA-17,... 

Another individual who contributed to the treatment of poisoning was Maimonides, a physician who lived in the twelfth century. His Treatise on Poisons and their Antidotes was particularly significant for the time, due to... 

Can toxicity due to an overdose of heroin be treated The answer is yes, because understanding how the drug acts, by binding to specific receptors, allows treatment of poisoning to be carried out logically by using an antidote. The antidote used is normally naloxone. 

The only two randomized controlled clinical trials performed so far did not result in a final proof of the efficacy of the oximes in the treatment of poisonings induced by the OP insecticides in humans due to methodological problems (Eddleston et al., 2002). However, experimental and clinical experience suggests that among the pyridinium oximes, obidoxime andtrimedoxime, although relatively toxic, could provide reactivation and antidotal protection against most of the OP insecticides. In addition, HI-6 has proved to be effective in the treatment of soman-poisoned animals and safe and effective in patients poisoned with diethoxy OPs. 

The treatment of poisoning is based essentially upon the blocking of excessive nervous activity, due to the direct effects of the poison and to apprehension, fear, physical activity, and external stimuli. Quiet, reassurance, and gentle handling of the casualty are therefore essential. Atropine sulfate (1.0 mg) should be given by intravenous or intramuscular injection very promptly. This effectively blocks the excessive activity of smooth muscle and glands, and also controls convulsions.117... 

Anotlier important modification metliod is tire passivation of tire external crystallite surface, which may improve perfonnance in shape selective catalysis (see C2.12.7). Treatment of zeolites witli alkoxysilanes, SiCl or silane, and subsequent hydrolysis or poisoning witli bulky bases, organophosphoms compounds and arylsilanes have been used for tliis purjDose [39]. In some cases, tire improved perfonnance was, however, not related to tire masking of unselective active sites on tire outer surface but ratlier to a narrowing of tire pore diameters due to silica deposits. 

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is the main cause of TD in Latin America, whereas in Asia it is reported in only 15% of cases. Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) strains are recorded with even less frequency. ETEC is isolated in 0 to 5% of cases. Symptoms of poisoning develop after 16 hours from consumption of contaminated water, salads, cheeses, or meats. The outgrowth of ETEC rods takes place in a patient s gastrointestinal tract, where they produce thermostable and thermolabile toxins that imitate Vibrio cholerae infections. Stimulation of intestinal guanylcyclase and interruption of ion transport leads to watery stools, which do not require medical treatment or only need simple replacement of fluids and salts by means of multielectrolyte solutions. If a co-infection with EIEC strains occurs, the symptoms of enteritis will develop, with the presence of leukocytes, erythrocytes, and mucous in stools due to a cytotoxic influence of bacteria (Butterton and Claderwood, 2001). 

The pX a (6.5-8.2) and nucleophilicity of MINA, 44, and of a series of aliphatic oximes derived from it, were found to be consistent with their ability to reactivate AChE inhibited by the nerve agents, sarin and VX. Yet, despite their ability to significantly reactivate AChE in the brains of sarin-intoxicated rats, these aliphatic oximes are not used as antidotes for treatment of OP poisoning in humans this is presumably due to their poor stability in aqueous solution and to their rapid clearance from the circulation. 

Antimicrobials have a limited role in treatment of diarrhoea because only a small percentage of diarrhoeas are caused by bacterial infection. Majority of cases are due to non infective causes. Rota virus and food poisoning in which antimicrobial therapy has no role. 

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