Indirect treatments

In therapeutic equivalence trials and in non-inferiority trials we are often looking to demonstrate efficacy of our test treatment indirectly. It may be that for ethical or practical reasons it is not feasible to show efficacy by undertaking a superiority trial against placebo. In such a case we compare our test treatment to a control treatment that is known to be efficacious and demonstrate either strict... 

As mentioned in Section 1.10, there are essentially two areas where we would want to conduct non-inferiority trials firstly where inclusion of a placebo for either practical or ethical issues is not possible and we are therefore looking to demonstrate the efficacy of the new treatment indirectly by showing similarity to an established active treatment and secondly where it is necessary to show that there is no important loss of efficacy for a new treatment compared to an existing treatment. 

The reduction in the adhesion of particles after SAS treatment indirectly confirms the idea expressed in Fig. V.13 regarding... 

Uses Antimicrobial for hard surf, disinfection and sanitization algicide for swimming pools and industrial water treatment indirect food additive in sanitizing sol n. on food contact surfs., food processing equip. antimicrobial in phamiaceuticals Regulatory FDA 21CFR 178.1010 EPA reg. no. 1839-23 Europe, Japan, Canada, and Australia listed avail, kosher... 

Uses Surfactant, bactericide in disinfectant and sanitizer formulations for hospitals, public institutions, industry algicide for swimming pool and water treatment indirect food additive in sanitizing sol ns. for tbod contact surfs., equip. antimicrobial in pharmaceuticals Features Broad-spectmm... 

The carbonyiation of o-diiodobenzene with a primary amine affords the phthalimide 501 [355,356]. Carbonyiation of iodobenzene in the presence of (9-diaminobenzene (502) and DBU or 2,6-lutidine affords 2-phenylbenzimida-zole (503)[357, The carbonyiation of aryl iodides in the presence of pentaflnor-oaniline affords 2-arylbenzoxazoles directly, 2-Arylbenzoxazole is prepared indirectly by the carbonyiation of (9-aminophenol[358j. The optically active aryl or alkenyl oxazolinc 505 is prepared by the carbonyiation of the aryl or enol triflates in the presence of the opticaly active amino alcohol 504, followed by treatment with thionyl chloride[359]. 

The measurement of pK for bases as weak as thiazoles can be undertaken in two ways by potentiometric titration and by absorption spectrophotometry. In the cases of thiazoles, the second method has been used (140, 148-150). A certain number of anomalies in the results obtained by potentiometry in aqueous medium using Henderson s classical equation directly have led to the development of an indirect method of treatment of the experimental results, while keeping the Henderson equation (144). 

A number of less hindered monoalkylboranes is available by indirect methods, eg, by treatment of a thexylborane—amine complex with an olefin (69), the reduction of monohalogenoboranes or esters of boronic acids with metal hydrides (70—72), the redistribution of dialkylboranes with borane (64) or the displacement of an alkene from a dialkylborane by the addition of a tertiary amine (73). To avoid redistribution, monoalkylboranes are best used /V situ or freshly prepared. However, they can be stored as monoalkylborohydrides or complexes with tertiary amines. The free monoalkylboranes can be hberated from these derivatives when required (69,74—76). Methylborane, a remarkably unhindered monoalkylborane, exhibits extraordinary hydroboration characteristics. It hydroborates hindered and even unhindered olefins to give sequentially alkylmethyl- and dialkylmethylboranes (77—80). 

Vacuum Treatment. Milk can be exposed to a vacuum to remove low boiling substances, eg, onions, garlic, and some silage, which may impart off-flavors to the milk, particularly the fat portion. A three-stage vacuum unit, known as a vacreator, produces pressures of 17, 51—68, and 88—95 kPa (127, 381—508, and 660—711 mm Hg). A continuous vacuum unit in the HTST system may consist of one or two chambers and be heated by Hve steam, with an equivalent release of water by evaporation, or flash steam to carry off the volatiles. If Hve steam is used, it must be cuUnary steam which is produced by heating potable water with an indirect heat exchanger. Dry saturated steam is desired for food processing operations. 

The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) is a cornerstone of the federal efforts to control water pollution (21). It determines what can be discharged to a pubHcly owned treatment plant. Indirect discharges may not be required to obtain an NPDES permit but must meet pretreatment effluent limitations and conditions of the NPDES permit of the treatment plant caimot be exceeded. 

Doubt (75ZN(B)822) has been cast on a number of claims for the formation of 2-azetin-4-ones from cycloaddition of activated isocyanates to acetylenes (70TL119). The simple 2-azetin-4-one (246) was not isolated or even detected directly at -50 °C in the photofragmentation of compound (245), but indirect evidence for its formation was the isolation of adducts (248 X = MeO, MeNH) in the presence of methanol or methylamine (75TL1335). The most convincing evidence for an isolable 2-azetin-4-one involves treatment of the... 

The adherend metallurgy also indirectly determines the degree of smut buildup because the rate of smut formation is proportional to the etch rate [54J. For instance, the etch rate of A606 is four times greater than that of A514, due to differences in grain size, etc. As a result, a different etch treatment is required for each. In general, the roles of alloy and heat-treatment differences have not... 

Tier 0 and Tier 1 costs are direct and indirect costs. They include the engineering, materials, labor, construction, contingency, etc., as well as waste-collection and transportation services (in many cases we simply transform an air pollution problem into a solid waste or wastewater problem that requires final treatment and disposal), raw-material consumption (increase or decrease), and production costs. Tier 2 and... 

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