Tread tire applications

Ground mbber has replaced reclaim in many tire applications including treads, carcasses, innerliners, subtreads, and bead components. It is also used in mechanical goods, footwear, solid tires, mats, and retreads. Cryogenically and wet-ground mbbers which are of smaller particle size can be used at moderately bigb levels and still allow compounds to be processible. 

Waddell, W.H., Rodgers, M.B., Tracey, D.S., 2004. Tire Applications of Elastomers, Part 1. Treads, Rubber Division Meeting, Grand Rapids, MI, Paper H. 

A tire is essentially a cord-rubber composite. Tires have plies of reinforcing cords extending transversely from bead to bead, on top of which is a belt located below the tread. The belt cords have low extensibility and are made of steel and fabric depending on the tire application. The belt cords are at a relatively low angle, between 12° and 25°, and serve as restrictions to the 90° casing pUes. 

Rodgers, B Tracey, D and Waddell, W, (2004) Tire applications of elastomers treads. Paper H, Presented at a Meeting of the American Chemical Society Rubber Division, Grand Rapids Ml,... 

Thus if Amontons law is obeyed, the initial velocity is determined entirely by the coefficient of friction and the length of the skid marks. The mass of the vehicle is not involved, neither is the size or width of the tire treads, nor how hard the brakes were applied, so long as the application is sufficient to maintain skidding. 

FE simulations of the stress-strain properties of fiUer-reinforced elastomers are an important tool for predicting the service live performance of mbber goods. Typical examples are the evaluation of rolling resistance of tires due to hysteresis energy losses, mainly in the tire tread or the adjustment of engine mounts in automotive applications. 

Advancement in tire technology is expected to continue, to take advantage of emerging technologies, to meet further customer demands, and to accommodate new applications. Different tires will be introduced in the front and rear positions of automobiles as a result of the different loadings. Unsymmetrical tread designs will have different patterns on the outer and inner halves... 

Mostly, 75% of the extender oils are used in the tread, sub tread, and shoulder regions of a tire. About 10%-15% are used in the sidewall, 5% are used in the inner finer, and less than 10% are used in the remaining parts. A typical tire can contain up to 700 g of oil. All types of mineral oils should be handled and used with care, but special care is required in the handling of aromatic oils. High aromatic oils also referred to as distillate aromatic extracts (DAEs) or simply extracts have been traditionally used as extender oils for elastomeric applications [27]. Their popularity is explained by their good... 

M.J. Wang, P. Zhang, and K. Mahmud, Carbon-siUca dual phase filler, a new generation reinforcing agent for mbber Part EX. Application to tmck tire tread compound. Paper 32A, Presented at a meeting of the Rubber Division, ACS, Dallas, Texas, April 4—6, 2000. 

Tires and treads for automobiles, trucks, and buses, 72% high-impact resin modification, 25% industrial products (conveyor belts, hoses, seals, and gaskets) and other applications, 3%... 

Butadiene can form three repeat units as described in structure 5.47 1,2 cw-1,4 and trans-, A. Commercial polybutadiene is mainly composed of, A-cis isomer and known as butadiene rubber (BR). In general, butadiene is polymerized using stereoregulating catalysts. The composition of the resulting polybutadiene is quite dependent on the nature of the catalyst such that almost total trans-, A, cis-, A, or 1,2 units can be formed as well as almost any combination of these units. The most important single application of polybutadiene polymers is its use in automotive tires where over 10 t are used yearly in the U.S. manufacture of automobile tires. BR is usually blended with NR or SBR to improve tire tread performance, particularly wear resistance. 

Firestone and Shell started commercial production of cis-polyisoprene by the anionic process in the 1950 s but these plants are no longer in operation now. About the same time, Phillips started the manufacture of polybutadienes by the anionic route and ever since, there has been a steady growth in their use, particularly in the tire-tread as well as tire-carcass formulations. These solution polybutadienes, generally, have low vinyl contents but recently, Phillips has found some interesting applications for medium vinyl polybutadienes as well.14 Polybutadienes with 50-55 percent vinyl contents behave like emulsion polymerized SBR in tire tread formulations and exhibit very similar tread... 

In conclusion, it is evident from the above discussion that anionic polymerization has emerged from a laboratory curiosity to an important industrial process in a relatively short span of time. Currently, over a million tons of polymers are produced by the anionic route in about twenty manufacturing plants around the world. We at Phillips are quite proud of being one of the pioneers along with Firestone and Shell in harnessing this new technology to commercial applications. The fact that our polymers find such wide ranging applications from tire treads to injection molded blood filters and from lubricant additives to solid rocket binders bears ready testimony to this. 

The consumption of the various carbon black grades can be divided into tread grades for tire reinforcement and nontread grades for nontread tire use and other mbber applications. Table 9 shows the distribution of production of types for these uses. In the United States 55% production is for tread grades. In Western Europe tread-grade production is 64%, and in Japan it is 60%. 

Ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) energy may be used for preheating and precuring rubber compounds for continuous vulcanization (CV) of rubber, containing carbon black, for such applications as weather stripping, tubing, hose, and. in some instances, tire tread compounds. 

The third source reduction measure which can extend the useful tire life, and therefore reduce the number of tires scrapped, is retreading. Retreading is the application of a new tread to a worn tire that still has a good casing. Retreading began in the 1910s and has always played a role in the replacement tire market. 

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