Transverse cross-section

Fig. 8. Transverse cross-sectional view of double-flow induced-draft cooling tower. Courtesy of The Madey Co.

Figure 13.10S A transverse cross section through the tube wall in Fig. 13.10A. Note the through-wall plug-type dezincification.

Figure 15.5 shows a transverse cross section through a pitted weld. Note the cavernous pit below a small opening in the surface skin. 

The influence of room transverse cross-section configuration on airflow patterns created by air jets supplied through round nozzles in proximity to the ceiling was studied by Baharev and Troyanovsky and Nielsen (see Fig. 7.37). Based on experimental data, they concluded that when the room width B is less than 3.5H, the jet attaches to the ceiling and spreads, filling the whole width of the room in the manner of a linear jet. The reverse flow develops under the jet. When B > 4H, the reverse flow also develops along the jet sides. Baharev and Troyanovsky indicated that air temperature and velocity distribution in the occupied zone is more uniform when the jet develops in the upper zone and the occupied zone is ventilated by the reverse flow. Thus, they proposed limiting room width to 3-3.5H,. 

Figure 14 shows the displacement of the distribution function towards high / , i.e. the uncoiling of molecules under the influence of stretching for polyethylene (A = 3 x 10-9 m, N = 100 and T = 420 K). This displacement will be characterized by the position of the maximum of the distribution curve, the most probable value of / , i.e. j3m, as a function of x (Fig. 15). Figure 15 also shows the values of stresses a that should be applied to the melt to attain the corresponding values of x (o = xkT/SL, where S is the transverse cross-section of the molecule). 

Fig. 5.1.6 These images display the three components of velocity in five consecutive slices through the transverse cross section of the capillary. The direction of bulk flow is from slice 1 to 5 with each slice 300-pm thick and contiguous. Positive axial velocity is out of the page. A negative x component represents flow...

Fig. 15.2 Diagram showing a transverse cross-section of a cerebral capillary. The endothelial cells, responsible for the main barrier properties of the blood-brain barrier are separated from the astrocyte foot processes, pericytes and occasional neurons by the basement membrane. All these components make up the blood-brain barrier.

FIGURE 5.11 Structure and location of the vomeronasal organ in the mouse, seen in a transverse cross-section through the middle of the vomeronasal organ. (Redrawn after Dpving and Tritier, 1998.)... 

Figure 11.5 shows the computed entraining velocity fields at the widest transverse cross-sections at t = 35 in the heated and unheated jets. (This corresponds to looking at the flow in the plane of the cross-section of the spatially developing jet.) The figure shows velocity vectors in the ambient fluid, and contours of streamwise vorticity within the jet. 

A transverse cross section through the cochlea is shown in Fig. 6.2. Two fluid-filled spaces, the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani, are separated by the cochlear partition. The cochlear partition is bounded on the top by Reissner s membrane and on the bottom by the basilar membrane, which in turn forms part of the organ of Corti. A more detailed view of the organ of Corti (after Rasmussen [Rasmussen, 1943]) is presented in Fig. 6.3. 

Figure 6.2 Features of the cochlea transverse cross-section of the cochlea (Reprinted with permission from [Rasmussen, 1943], 1943, McGraw-Hill)...

Qq = transverse cross section of composite after first impregnation, before carbonization... 

AQ change in transverse cross section caused by first carbonization... 

A transverse cross-section through the fracture initiation site was examined by metallography. The fracture surface profile was found to be relatively flat and there was no crack branching. The microstructure showed dark-etching-tempered martensite. Further no plastic deformation was observed at the fracture initiation site. 

Example 7 The Crossed-Strings Method Figure 5-16 depicts the transverse cross section of two infinitely long, parallel circular tubes of diameter D and center-to-center distance of separation C. Use the crossed-strings method to formulate the tube-to-tube direct exchange area and view factor s st and Ft,t, respectively. 

Here, II,L is the hydrogen solubility, which is assumed to remain essentially constant along the entire length of the reactor. The quantity r.V is the open volume of the reactor, A is the transverse cross-sectional area for the hydrogen transfer (as shown in Fig. 7-32), k, is the liquid-film mass-transfer coefficient at the gas -liquid interface, and a is the gas-liquid interfacial area per unit volume of the open space in the reactor. In a physical sense, Eq. (7-39) equates the mass transfer from the gas into the liquid phase with the mass transfer at the surface of the catalyst tube. The constant C, in Eq. (7-39) is obtained, by using the condition (7-40), as... 

Arthur et al.54 have shown that cotton modified by AN grafting retains the structure and appearance of the initial fibre (particularly the transverse cross-section shape) much better if the grafted polymer is located in the surface layer. To this end, they suggest graft polymerization to cotton pre-irradiated in an inert atmosphere and the use of solvents causing no swelling of the fibre. 

Freeze-fracture electron microscopy of thylakoid membranes has clearly revealed an asymmetric lateral distribution of the various photosynthetic complexes in the granal and stromal membranes, i.e., the distribution of the protein complexes in the membrane is nonrandom. This lateral asymmetry was further substantiated by the results of electron microscopy of the inside-out vesicles discussed in Section Vll. These findings by electron microscopy are summarized by the model shown in Fig. 21 (A). It is a transverse cross section of the thylakoids shown earlier in Fig. 13 (D) and (D ), with the various photosynthetic protein complexes appropriately placed in the granal and stromal regions. 

Figure 1 Photographs of etched transverse cross-sections of DC cast billets of alloys SSA000...

Fig.5. Electron image (A) and Fe (B), Cr (C), A1 (D) and l i (F.) X-ray images of a transverse cross-section through FeCrAlY coated Ti3Al after lOOOh oxidation in air at 800°C...

Fig. 8. Scanning electron micrograph of a transverse cross-section of the residual scale formed on TiAl after 75 h oxidation in air at 1000 C...

Backscattered electron and Fe, Cr, A1 and Ti X-ray images of a transverse cross-section through peened FeCrAlY + TiN coaled Ti3Al, following 1000 h oxidation in air at 800°C, shown in Figure 12, also clearly demonstrated that the TiN layer was continuous and of uniform thickness. It completely prevented the counter movement of elements between the coaling and substrate as did a thin (1-2 pm) and Cr metallic layer [12]. No oxygen had penetrated beneath the outer protective oxide layer. However,... 

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