Transport transporter translocation

Cheatham, B., Vlahos, C. J., Cheatham, L., Wang, L., Blenis, J., and Kahn, C. R. (1994). Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation is required for insulin stimulation of pp70 S6 kinase, DNA synthesis, and glucose transporter translocation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 4902-4911. 

Several mechanistic models have also been proposed to elucidate how the P-gp transporter translocates substrates across cellular membranes. In the vacuum cleaner model, which seems the most probable, the compounds partition into the membrane bilayer and then P-gp extracts the substrates from the inner (cytosolic) membrane leaflet and releases them through a protein channel into the extracellular medium (Figure 16.1) [7,14,17]. 

Simulation of glucose transport and glucose transporter translocation from intracellular stores to the plasma membrane in muscle cells by vanadate and peroxovan-adate involve a mechanism independent of PI-3K and protein kinase C systems utilized for stimulation of these processes by insulin. The transport of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane in muscle cells growing in culture after stimulation by vanadate, peroxovanadate, or insulin all require an intact actin network [138], Sometimes, the insulin-like action of vanadium is accompanied by overall stimulation of actual metabolic pathways. One example of this is the stimulation of the pentose phosphate pathway observed when vanadate promotes the incorporation of glucose into lipids, an antilipogenic effect [139],... 

Battaglia E, Gollan J. A unique multifunctional transporter translocates estradiol-17P-glucuronide in rat liver microsomal vesicles. J. Biol. Chem. 2001 276 23492-23498. 

Fig. 3.7 Schematic Presentation of G-Protein Functions in Signal Transduction 3. Transporters (Translocators) ...

G. Muller and S. Wied, The sulfonylurea drug, ghmepiride, stimulates glucose transport, glucose transporter translocation, and dephosphorylation in insulin-resistant rat adipocytes in vitro. Diabetes,... 

ABC transporters translocate many different allocrites (transport substrates), but the primary structures of the NBDs show --25% sequence identity across the whole superfamily [9[. Marked sequence conservation is observed over five short regions found in the NBDs (i) the Walker A and (ii) Walker B regions, which are separated by approximately 90-120 amino acids and between which lie the (hi) signature motif [2, 7, 9, 35, 36] and (iv) the glutamine loop (Q-loop) [37[. The most C-terminal motif is the histidine loop (H-loop) [2[. The signature, Q-loop, and H-loop seem to be specific to ABC transporters [9], and the function of these is described in more detail below. A recent description of the importance of a highly conserved aromatic residue has led to the naming of an A-loop at the N-terminus of the NBD [38[. 

The statement that not the compound itself but its biosynthetic route has the taxonomical sig ni cance may be still valid. However, we know already that the biosynthetic route consists of complex metabolomic process including the genomic constitution, gene expression, transcriptional and translational regulation, enzyme activities at different biosynthetic levels, interactions with transporters, translocation, and spatial isolation (Dudareva et al., 2006 Dinesh and Nagegowda, 2010). The result of the enzymatic reaction is determined not only by the availability and constitution of the enzyme but also by the availability of precursors and different interactions therefore, the simple presence or absence of a certain enzyme in general cannot determine the nal product. 

Leitung conduction, conductance, transport, translocation (Rohre/Kabel fiir Wasser/Strom/Gas) line Leitungswasser tap water letal/tddiich lethal, deadly letale Dosis lethal dose Letalitat lethality Leuchte lamp, illuminator, micros illuminator... 

The quantum yield of photosynthesis, the amount of product formed per equivalent of light input, has traditionally been expressed as the ratio of COg fixed or Og evolved per quantum absorbed. At each reaction center, one photon or quantum yields one electron. Interestingly, an overall stoichiometry of one translocated into the thylakoid vesicle for each photon has also been observed. Two photons per center would allow a pair of electrons to flow from HgO to NADP (Figure 22.12), resulting in the formation of 1 NADPH and Og. If one ATP were formed for every 3 H translocated during photosynthetic electron transport, 1 ATP would be synthesized. More appropriately, 4 hv per center (8 quanta total) would drive the evolution of 1 Og, the reduction of 2 NADP, and the phosphorylation of 2 ATP. 

If noncyclic photosynthetic electron transport leads to the translocation of 3 H /e and cyclic photosynthetic electron transport leads to the translocation of 2 H /A, what is the relative photosynthetic efficiency of ATP synthesis (expressed as the number of photons absorbed per ATP synthesized) for noncyclic versus cyclic photophosphorylation (Assume that the CFiCEq ATP synthase yields 1 ATP/3 H. )... 

Protein toxins acting intracellularly are often composed of two subunits (A/B model). One subunit is catalytic (A-subunit) and the other is responsible for binding and cell entry (B-subunit). Following binding to an extracellular membrane receptor, the toxins are endocytosed. From the endosomes, the A-subunit is directly (pH dqDendent) transferred into the cytosol (e.g., diphtheria toxin and anthrax toxin) or the toxin is transported in a retrograde manner via the golgi to the ER (e.g., cholera toxin), where translocation into the cytosol occurs [1]. 

Fat Increased glucose transport GLUT4-translocation PI 3-kinase/Akt mediated translocation of GLUT4 into the plasma membrane. Potential involvement of atypical forms of protein kinase C (PKC and A)... 

Skeletal muscle Increased glucose transport GLUT4-translocation see above (fat)... 

Neurotransmitter transporters determine the neurotransmitter concentration in the interstitium. High-affinity transporters can efficiently remove neurotransmitter from the extracellular space because cellular uptake is typically coupled to the translocation of sodium ions. 

Neurotransmitter transport can be electrogenic if it results in the net translocation of electrical charge (e.g. if more cations than anions are transferred into the cell interior). Moreover, some transporters may direction-ally conduct ions in a manner akin to ligand-gated ion channels this ion flux is not coupled to substrate transport and requires a separate permeation pathway associated with the transporter molecule. In the case of the monoamine transporters (DAT, NET, SERT) the sodium current triggered by amphetamine, a monoamine and psychostimulant (see Fig. 4) is considered responsible for a high internal sodium concentration... 

The NHR contains also the conserved Calcineurin docking site, PxlxIT, required for the physical interaction of NEAT and Calcineurin. Dephosphorylation of at least 13 serines residues in the NHR induces a conformational change that exposes the nuclear localization sequences (NLS), allowing the nuclear translocation of NEAT. Rephosphorylation of these residues unmasks the nuclear export sequences that direct transport back to the cytoplasm. Engagement of receptors such as the antigen receptors in T and B cells is coupled to phospholipase C activation and subsequent production of inositol triphosphate. Increased levels of inositol triphosphate lead to the initial release of intracellular stores of calcium. This early increase of calcium induces opening of the plasma membrane calcium-released-activated-calcium (CRAC) channels,... 

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