Transport across bulk liquid

Bartsch RA, Jeon Eok-Giu, Walkowiak W, and Apostoluk W. Effect of solvent in competitive alkali metal cation transport across bulk liquid membrane by a lipophilic lariat ether carboxylic acid carrier. J Mem Sci, 1999 159(1-2) 123-131. 

Actinides, in nitric acid waste, 182 Advancing-front model, ELMs, 18,68 Alkali metal cations transport across bulk liquid membranes, 89-92 transport across liquid surfactant membranes, 93-95 transport across polymer-supported liquid, 95-96... 

Figure 4. Four Types of Cells Used to Study Transport Across Bulk Liquid Membranes.

Boyadzhiev L and Yordanov B. Pertraction of Indole Alkaloids from Vinca minor L. Sep Sci Tech, 2004 39(6) 1321-1329. Coucouvanis D. Dell Rosa and Jay Pike recognition and transport of amphiphilic molecules by a new class of inorganic ditopic receptors. The synthesis of M- Bu - salphen-3n-cr-n complexes and their use (M = Mn,Fe, n = 6) in the transport of tryptophan and serotonin across bulk liquid membranes. Comptes Rendus Chimie, 2003 6(3) 317-327. 

Supported liquid membranes comprised the bulk of the published literature on the transport studies of metal ions across thin polymeric films [16,56-59]. Several literature reports on actinide transport across supported liquid membranes using various types of extractants viz., acidic extractants, neutral extractants and amine extractants are discussed below. 

Fig. 1-1. Transport processes in solid-liquid soil reactions—Nonactivated processes 1. Transport in the soil solution, 2. Transport across a liquid film at the solid-liquid interface, 3. Transport in a liquid-filled micropore. Activated processes 4. Diffusion of a sorbate at the surface of the solid, 5, Diffusion of a sorbate occluded in a micropore, 6. Diffusion in the bulk of the solid.

Nanda D, Oak MS, Maiti B, Chauhan HPS, Dutta PK. Selective and uphill transport of uranyl ion in the presence of some base metals and thorium across bulk liquid membrane by di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid. Sep Sci Technol 2002 37 3357-3367. 

The results provided above demonstrate that considerable selectivity can be achieved in alkali metal transport across bulk chloroform membranes by appropriately-structured ionizable crown ether carrier molecules. Although such bulk liquid membrane... 

The next step was the employment of Compounds 28, 29, and 38 as carriers for the transport of nucleotides across bulk liquid membranes. This was done using the same kind of U-tube setup used to study halide anion transport. Under these condiditions. Compounds 28 and... 

By analogy to the derivation of Eqs. (56 and 66), we can obtain an expression for J, on the basis of the bulk concentration of the ion in water and oil. The concentration of the ion at a and b may be expressed according to Eqs. (51 and 52) if we again assume the formation of a preequilibrium according to Sch. 1, or in other words that the ion transfer/transport across the liquid liquid interface is slow compared to the diffusion/migration of the ion in the diffuse layers. Under such Conditions the following expression for J,- ensues ... 

Nanda, D., Chauhan, H.P.S. Maiti, B. (2004) Transport of uranyl ion (UO2 ) across bulk liquid membrane by thenoyl trifluoro acetone (TTA). Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 11, 643-647. 

Bulk Liquid Membranes (BLM). This is the simplest type of liquid membrane (2-8) and is utilized for fundamental studies of certain aspects of liquid membrane transport processes. In one such process, a beaker-in-a-beaker cell (Figure 1) consists of inner and outer compartments which contain the aqueous feed (F) and strip (S) solutions, respectively. The inner beaker contains the stripping solution and is surroimded by the feed solution. Both aqueous solutions contact the upper organic layer, which is the liquid membrane. Mass transfer takes place from the feed solution through the liquid membrane and into the strip solution. Bartsch et aL studied the transport of alkali metal cations across bulk liquid membranes in which a crown ether carboxylic acid in the organic layer served as the carrier (2,3). 

In interpreting observations of nucleation phenomena the activation energy for transport across the nucleus-matrix interface AG has generally been equated with that for transport in bulk liquid, AG. In principle these... 

When only one phase is forming eddy currents, as when a gas is blown across the surface of a liquid, material is transported from the bulk of the metal phase to the interface and this may reside there for a short period of time before being submerged again in the bulk. During this residence time fr, a quantity of matter, qr will be transported across the interface according to the equation... 

FIGURE 5.16 Schematic of resistance model for diffusion, uptake, and reaction of gases with liquids. Tg represents the transport of gases to the surface of the particle, a the mass accommodation coefficient for transfer across the interface, rso, the solubilization and diffusion in the liquid phase, riM the bulk liquid-phase reaction, and rinlcrl.ll c the reaction of the gas at the interface. 

Often we are concerned with the transfer of chemicals between gaseous and liquid phases which are not at equilibrium. On the one hand, this is due to the large sizes of the involved systems, which do not quickly transfer materials from their bulk interior to adjacent phases. On the other hand, in these systems natural biogeo-chemical reactions as well as man-made processes are continuously driving the global systems away from their equilibrium. And finally, the environmental chemist is often faced with extraordinary (catastrophic) situations in which chemicals are spilled into the environment and transported across different compartments. 

Kirch and Lehn have studied selective alkali metal transport through a liquid membrane using [2.2.2], [3.2.2], [3.3.3], and [2.2.C8] (146, 150). Various cryptated alkali metal picrates were transported from an in to an out aqueous phase through a bulk liquid chloroform membrane. While carrier cation pairs which form very stable complexes display efficient extraction of the salt into the organic phase, the relative rates of cation transport were not proportional to extraction efficiency and complex stability (in contrast to antibiotic-mediated transport across a bulk liquid membrane). Thus it is [2.2.Ca] which functions as a specific potassium ion carrier, while [2.2.2] is a specific potassium ion receptor (Table VI). 

Some fundamentals of micelle formation and of the solubilization of water-insoluble substances by micelles are reviewed. The accelerating effect of micellization upon the rate of dissolution and of transport of solubilizate through bulk liquid is then considered. Membranes present an obstacle to transport. A larger fraction of the total driving force can be brought to bear upon this obstacle as other resistances are reduced by solubilization. Hence, transport across a membrane will, in general, be accelerated whether micelles are effective within the membrane or not. It is now possible to determine also this contribution of micelles to the transport within the membrane. In a specific case it was found to be negligible. 

In an attempt to establish a link between the parameters of ion transport in the bulk solution and across a liquid-liquid interface, Shao and Girault [124] introduced the diffusion coefficient of the interfacial jump as... 

Shamsipur M, Mashhadizadeh MH, and Azimi G. Highly selective and efficient transport of mercury(II) ions across a bulk liquid membrane containing tetrathia-12-crown4 as a specific ion carrier. Sep Purif Technol, 2002 27(2) 155-161. 

Scrimin P, Tonellato U, and Zanta N. Cu(II) mediated selective transport of a-amino acids across a bulk liquid membrane using a chiral lipophilic ligand as a carrier. Tetrahedron Lett, 1988 29(39) 4967M-970. 

Ramakumar, J., Nayak, S.K., and Maiti, B., Transport of uranyl ion across a bulk liquid membrane using calixarene and synergistic agents as carriers. J. Membr. Sci., 2002, 196 203-210. 

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